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. 2022 Jun 1;12:9117. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-13229-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Example of a subject (7R3) with a stable, coherent resting state 0.15-Hz oscillation in RRI, respiration and BOLD signals in the cortex and brainstem during low anxiety (AS = 14). In each box ffDTF as a function of consecutive eight time windows of 40 s length is shown. Blue lines: outflow from the structure marked below the box to the structure marked at the left, red lines: flow from structure marked at the left to this marked below. The insert (top right) shows time courses of signals: RRI (upper curve) and BOLD from ROI 103 (lower curve). Note that RRI precedes BOLD oscillations by ~ 2.5 s (insert) and that a strong information flow can be observed, going from the cortex (MFG, ROI 7) to the brainstem (ROI 103) as marked by the stippled arrow.