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. 2022 Jun 1;2:62. doi: 10.1038/s43856-022-00124-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Two models of reservoir colonization. Model 1 shows antibiotic-resistant organism (ARO) transmission from patients to hospital surfaces and then to other patients. Model 2 shows ARO transmission from environmental reservoirs to hospital surfaces to patients. b Sample collection time points and sample processing scheme from surface collections to WGS. In sample collection scheme, large circles represent months with small circles representing 2-week sampling within months. Purple indicates old intensive care unit (ICU) collections, green indicates new ICU collections, and pink indicates collections taken before patients enter the building in the new ICU. Icons labeled as such were acquired from nounproject.com, and other icons were used with permission from D’Souza, Potter et al.⁸². AST antibiotic susceptibility testing, MALDI-TOF matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.