Table 2.

Health and well-being: comparisons between study sample (n=229) and population norms

Measure/scale	Study sample M (SD)	Population norm M (SD)	Test of significance and d effect size	Citation	Population description
SWLS a	22.3 (7.2)	28.0 (6.1)	t = 7.72, p < .001 d = .85	Robertson & Brott (2014)	US military in transition (N =136)
VR-12 mental component (MCS) b	42.9 (14.6)	50.1 (11.5)	t = 9.37, p < .001 d = .55	Selim et al. (2009)	National US (N = 173,221)
VR-12 physical component (PCS) b	40.7 (10.8)	39.8 (12.3)	t = 1.08, p = .28	Selim et al. (2009)	National US (N = 173,221)
PHQ-9 c % screen positive for moderate depression (score ≥10)	41.9%	10.3%	χ2=54.73, p < .001 d = .74	Liu et al. (2019)	U.S. veterans aged 25 to 44 (N =204)
IFDFW d	5.32 (2.60)	5.70 (2.40)	t = 2.18, p = .03 d = .15	Garman et al. (2005)	National US (N =1300)
PCL-5 e % screen positive for PTSD (Score ≥ 33)	28.2 (20.9) 49/163 30.1%	11.8 (16.0) 216/1751 12.3%	t = 14.07, p < .001 d = .88 χ2=39.28, p <.001 d = .44	Hoge et al. (2014)	US infantry soldiers (N = 1822)

^aSatisfaction with life scale: scores range from 1 (low satisfaction) to 7 (high satisfaction)

^bHigher scores indicate better health. N = 163 in age group 25–34; N = 66 in age group 35–44

^cPatient health questionnaire-9: ≤4: minimal; 5–9: mild; 10–14: moderate; 15–19: moderately severe; ≥20: severe depression

^dIncharge financial distress/financial well-being scale: 1.0 = high distress/low well-being – 10.0 = low distress/high well-being

^ePTSD Checklist for DSM-5 with criterion A