Table 6.
Demographic and military service correlates of outcome
| Outcome measure | Sex | Age | Marital status | |||||||
| Male | Female | Test of signif | <30 | ≥30 | Test of signif | Married | Not married | Test of signif | ||
|
(N=184) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=44) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=126) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=103) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=131) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=98) M (SD)/N (%) |
|||||
| SWLS | 22.53 (7.17) | 21.66 (6.97) | t=0.73 | 22.33 (7.58) | 22.29 (6.61) | t=0.036 | 23.24 (6.54) | 21.06 (7.75) | t=2.31* | |
| PCS (VR-12) | 39.97 (10.96) | 43.59 (10.02) | t=−2.00* | 41.38 (10.85) | 39.86 (10.83) | t=1.05 | 39.12 (10.93) | 42.80 (10.41) | t=−2.57* | |
| MCS (VR-12) | 43.28 (14.91) | 41.82 (13.33) | t=0.60 | 42.21 (14.48) | 43.83 (14.78) | t=-0.836 | 44.12 (14.44) | 41.36 (14.75) | t=1.42 | |
| PHQ-9 score | 8.67 (6.38) | 8.59 (5.58) | t=0.074 | 9.13 (6.28) | 8.21 (6.27) | t=1.10 | 8.37 (6.28) | 9.18 (6.27) | t=-0.98 | |
| PHQ-9: mod depressed | 77 (41.8%) | 18 (40.9%) | χ 2=0.013 | 57 (45.2%) | 39 (37.9%) | χ 2=1.27 | 53 (40.5%) | 43 (43.9%) | χ 2=0.27 | |
| IFDFW | 5.45 (2.61) | 4.71 (2.32) | t=1.72 | 5.18 (2.54) | 5.49 (2.60) | t=−0.92 | 5.43 (2.51) | 5.17 (2.65) | t=0.75 | |
| PCL-5 score | 27.77 (21.26) | 29.19 (19.16) | t=−0.342 | 29.42 (20.11) | 26.86 (21.68) | t=0.79 | 27.08 (21.57) | 29.82 (19.81) | t=−0.83 | |
| PCL-5 screen for PTSD | 56 (41.8%) | 12 (38.7%) | χ 2=0.099 | 38 (44.2%) | 31 (38.8%) | χ 2=0.50 | 37 (37.4%) | 32 (47.8%) | χ 2=1.78 | |
| Tobacco | 74 (40.2%) | 12 (27.3%) | χ 2=2.53 | 45 (35.7%) | 41 (39.8%) | χ 2=0.41 | 47 (35.9%) | 39 (39.8%) | χ 2=0.37 | |
| Alcohol | 151 (82.1%) | 34 (77.3%) | χ 2=0.53 | 101 (80.2%) | 85 (82.5%) | χ 2=0.21 | 105 (80.2%) | 81 (82.7%) | χ 2=0.23 | |
| Cannabis products | 28 (15.2%) | 3 (6.8%) | χ 2=2.41 | 21 (16.7%) | 11 (10.7%) | χ 2=2.84 | 11 (8.4%) | 21 (21.4%) | χ2=9.44** | |
| Illegal drugs | 3 (1.6%) | 1 (2.3%) | χ 2=0.32 | 3 (2.4%) | 2 (1.9%) | χ 2=1.28 | 1 (0.8%) | 4 (4.1%) | χ 2=4.27 | |
| Prescribed opioids | 78 (42.4%) | 17 (38.6%) | χ 2=0.21 | 45 (35.7%) | 51 (49.5%) | χ 2=4.43* | 57 (43.5%) | 39 (39.8%) | χ 2=0.32 | |
| Outcome measure | Race | Ethnicity | Education | |||||||
| White | Nonwhite | Test of signif | Hispanic | Not Hispanic | Test of signif | High school or some college | College degree | Test of signif | ||
|
(N=106) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=123) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=44) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=184) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=147) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=82) M (SD)/N (%) |
|||||
| SWLS | 22.70 (6.84) | 21.98 (7.41) | t=0.76 | 21.64 (7.75) | 22.54 (6.96) | t=−.76 | 21.58 (7.60) | 23.62 (6.08) | t=−2.23* | |
| PCS (VR-12) | 39.39 (11.15) | 41.82 (10.49) | t=−1.70 | 41.31 (11.65) | 40.64 (10.63) | t=.37 | 40.30 (10.70) | 41.41 (11.13) | t=−0.74 | |
| MCS (VR-12) | 41.50 (15.22) | 44.17 (14.00) | t=−1.38 | 38.98 (15.03) | 44.02 (14.29) | t=−2.08* | 40.75 (15.21) | 46.86 (12.61) | t=−3.26** | |
| PHQ-9 score | 9.79 (6.56) | 7.79 (5.89) | t=2.44* | 10.59 (6.97) | 8.20 (5.97) | t=2.31 | 9.74 (6.16) | 6.88 (6.10) | t=3.38** | |
| PHQ-9: mod depressed | 53 (50.0%) | 43 (35.0%) | χ 2=5.29* | 23 (52.3%) | 72 (39.1%) | χ 2=2.52 | 71 (48.3%) | 25 (30.5%) | χ 2=6.86** | |
| IFDFW | 5.56 (2.56) | 5.11 (2.57) | t=1.33 | 5.35 (2.36) | 5.33 (2.62) | t=0.06 | 4.70 (2.47) | 5.94 (2.63) | t=−2.78** | |
| PCL-5 score | 28.74 (21.41) | 27.55 (20.32) | t=0.37 | 33.41 (22.59) | 26.84 (20.26) | t=1.65 | 32.06 (21.16) | 21.86 (18.87) | t=3.14** | |
| PCL-5 screen for PTSD | 38 (42.7%) | 31 (40.3%) | χ 2=0.10 | 18 (52.9%) | 51 (38.6%) | χ 2=2.28 | 53 (51.5%) | 16 (19.5%) | χ 2=10.93** | |
| Tobacco | 49 (46.2%) | 37 (30.1%) | χ 2=6.33* | 16 (36.4%) | 70 (38.0%) | χ 2=0.04 | 60 (40.8%) | 26 (31.7%) | χ 2=1.86 | |
| Alcohol | 91 (85.8%) | 95 (77.2%) | χ 2=2.77 | 30 (68.2%) | 156 (84.8%) | χ 2=6.51* | 117 (79.6%) | 69 (84.1%) | χ 2=0.72 | |
| Cannabis products | 17 (16.0%) | 15 (12.2%) | χ 2=1.91 | 11 (25.0%) | 21 (11.4%) | χ 2=5.62 | 22 (15.0%) | 10 (12.2%) | χ 2=0.92 | |
| Illegal drugs | 3 (2.8%) | 2 (1.6%) | χ 2=1.57 | 1 (2.3%) | 4 (2.2%) | χ 2=.24 | 2 (1.4%) | 3 (3.7%) | χ 2=1.85 | |
| Prescribed opioids | 38 (35.8%) | 58 (47.2%) | χ 2=3.00 | 17 (38.6%) | 78 (42.4%) | χ 2=.21 | 57 (38.8%) | 39 (47.6%) | χ 2=1.67 | |
| Outcome measure | Active duty status | Veteran | Test of signif | Yes | No | Test of signif | 0–60% | 70-80% | 90–100% | Test of signif |
|
(N=60) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=169) M (SD)/N (%) |
N=108) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=120) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=47) M (SD)/N (%) |
(N=58) M (SD)/N (%) |
N=58) M (SD)/N (%) |
||||
| SWLS | 24.67 (5.91) | 21.47 (7.38) | t=3.44** | 22.35 (6.71) | 22.18 (7.51) | t=0.18 | 22.81 (7.22) | 22.86 (5.86) | 22.36 (7.51) | F=0.090 |
| PCS (VR-12) | 41.75 (11.29) | 40.31 (1.48) | t=0.88 | 40.19 (11.31) | 41.07 (10.44) | t=−0.61 | 42.42 (10.17) | 39.81 (11.23) | 38.18 (10.99) | F=1.99 |
| MCS (VR-12) | 47.74 (14.04) | 41.19 (14.45) | t=3.06** | 42.58 (14.89) | 43.10 (14.35) | t=−0.27 | 44.21 (14.13) | 43.31 (13.95) | 43.34 (13.91) | F=0.068 |
| PHQ-9 score | 6.44 (5.69) | 9.54 (6.29) | t=−3.38** | 8.98 (6.39) | 8.53 (6.19) | t=0.54 | 8.15 (6.52) | 8.29 (6.17) | 9.53 (6.39) | F=0.80 |
| PHQ-9: mod depressed | 16 (26.2%) | 80 (47.6%) | χ 2=8.41** | 46 (42.6%) | 50 (41.7%) | χ2=0.75 | 19 (40.4%) | 21 (36.2%) | 27 (46.6%) | χ 2=1.30 |
| IFDFW | 6.90 (2.01) | 4.74 (2.51) | t=6.68*** | 5.56 (2.51) | 5.08 (2.61) | t=1.40 | 5.07 (2.73) | 5.76 (2.29) | 5.44 (2.72) | F=0.95 |
| PCL-5 score | 21.02 (20.85) | 30.85 (20.31) | t=−2.75** | 30.93 (21.45) | 25.68 (19.91) | t=1.63 | 23.27 (19.73) | 29.00 (21.29) | 28.22 (20.66) | F=0.87 |
| PCL-5 screen for PTSD | 12 (26.7%) | 57 (47.1%) | χ 2=5.64* | 40 (47.6%) | 29 (35.8%) | χ 2=3.09 | 10 (27.0%) | 16 (41.0%) | 21 (46.7%) | χ 2=3.41 |
| Tobacco | 21 (34.4%) | 65 (38.7%) | χ 2=0.35 | 44 (40.7%) | 41 (34.2%) | χ 2=2.72 | 17 (36.2%) | 18 (31.0%) | 23 (39.7%) | χ 2=0.95 |
| Alcohol | 47 (77.0%) | 139 (82.7%) | χ 2=0.95 | 91 (84.3%) | 94 (78.3%) | χ 2=1.54 | 36 (76.6%) | 46 (79.3%) | 47 (81.0%) | χ 2=0.31 |
| Cannabis products | 0 (0.0%) | 32 (19.0%) | χ 2=14.00** | 15 (13.9%) | 17 (14.2%) | χ 2=1.29 | 8 (17.0%) | 10 (17.2%) | 8 (13.8%) | χ 2=2.17 |
| Illegal drugs | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (3.0%) | χ 2=2.24 | 2 (1.9%) | 3 (2.5%) | χ 2=1.25 | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.4%) | 1 (1.7%) | χ 2=3.57 |
| Prescribed opioids | 29 (47.5%) | 67 (39.9%) | χ 2=1.08 | 53 (49.1%) | 43 (35.8%) | χ 2=4.82 | 13 (27.7%) | 25 (43.1%) | 31 (53.4%) | χ 2=7.10* |
* p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001