Table 2.
Metabolic outcome means by depression status and time
| Baseline | 10 Weeks | 1 Year | 2 Years | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | |
| HbA1c (%) | ||||
| Meets clinical cut-off | 7.85 ± 0.24 | 6.46 ± 0.17 | 6.19 ± 0.16 | 6.87 ± 0.23 |
| Doesn’t meet clinical cut-off | 7.56 ± 0.10 | 6.51 ± 0.07 | 6.22 ± 0.07 | 6.62 ± 0.09 |
| Diagnosis in chart | 8.05 ± 0.20 | 6.72 ± 0.15 | 6.37 ± 0.16 | 6.84 ± 0.21 |
| No diagnosis in chart | 7.50 ± 0.10 | 6.45 ± 0.07 | 6.18 ± 0.07 | 6.61 ± 0.09 |
| Prescribed antidepressant | 7.61 ± 0.15 | 6.52 ± 0.11 | 6.21 ± 0.10 | 6.64 ± 0.14 |
| Not prescribed antidepressant | 7.60 ± 0.11 | 6.49 ± 0.08 | 6.21 ± 0.08 | 6.67 ± 0.11 |
| HOMA-IR | ||||
| Meets clinical cut-off | 9.43 ± 1.09 | 5.32 ± 0.86 | 5.01 ± 0.74 | 6.85 ± 0.90 |
| Doesn’t meet clinical cut-off | 8.82 ± 0.42 | 5.89 ± 0.35 | 4.85 ± 0.30 | 5.05 ± 0.37 |
| Diagnosis in chart | 10.33 ± 0.95 | 6.45 ± 0.78 | 5.74 ± 0.63 | 6.56 ± 0.79 |
| No diagnosis in chart | 8.56 ± 0.42 | 5.65 ± 0.36 | 4.66 ± 0.30 | 5.02 ± 0.37 |
| Prescribed antidepressant | 9.86 ± 0.64 | 5.77 ± 0.55 | 5.55 ± 0.47 | 5.76 ± 0.55 |
| Not prescribed antidepressant | 8.33 ± 0.49 | 5.83 ± 0.40 | 4.46 ± 0.35 | 5.06 ± 0.44 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | ||||
| Meets clinical cut-off | 175.94 ± 9.78 | 128.10 ± 5.83 | 125.21 ± 6.61 | 142.54 ± 9.02 |
| Doesn’t meet clinical cut-off | 158.23 ± 4.06 | 129.33 ± 2.34 | 123.97 ± 2.59 | 130.67 ± 3.75 |
| Diagnosis in chart | 186.31 ± 8.34 | 132.64 ± 5.18 | 131.19 ± 5.91 | 137.67 ± 8.57 |
| No diagnosis in chart | 154.73 ± 4.06 | 128.30 ± 2.37 | 122.46 ± 2.61 | 131.19 ± 3.72 |
| Prescribed antidepressant | 158.27 ± 6.03 | 129.16 ± 3.54 | 126.29 ± 4.18 | 133.62 ± 5.58 |
| Not prescribed antidepressant | 162.48 ± 4.75 | 129.14 ± 2.69 | 122.89 ± 2.95 | 131.76 ± 4.37 |
| Weight (pounds) | ||||
| Meets clinical cut-off | 263.07 ± 9.15 | 239.39 ± 9.06 | 231.89 ± 8.28 | 231.09 ± 9.45 |
| Doesn’t meet clinical cut-off | 255.58 ± 3.71 | 237.33 ± 3.62 | 224.69 ± 3.46 | 225.80 ± 3.55 |
| Diagnosis in chart | 258.54 ± 7.83 | 239.88 ± 7.68 | 230.33 ± 7.40 | 232.75 ± 7.54 |
| No diagnosis in chart | 256.26 ± 3.82 | 237.09 ± 3.71 | 224.66 ± 3.50 | 225.09 ± 3.64 |
| Prescribed antidepressant | 261.17 ± 5.62 | 240.84 ± 5.53 | 229.59 ± 5.27 | 231.49 ± 5.50 |
| Not prescribed antidepressant | 254.02 ± 4.37 | 235.71 ± 4.25 | 223.47 ± 4.02 | 223.64 ± 4.06 |
SE = standard error. HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment- insulin resistance. Means and standard errors reported for LMM outcomes are estimates obtained from linear mixed-effects models. These are intent-to-treat analyses that provide adjusted means, controlling for baseline age, sex, race, years since diabetes diagnosis, insulin use, and antidepressant medication use (except antidepressant medication use was not a covariate in the models comparing outcomes between participants with and without an antidepressant prescription). All metabolic outcomes significantly improved from baseline to 10 weeks, 1 year, and 2 years for all groups. Significant group differences by depression status included: (1) HbA1c at baseline between those with and without a depression diagnosis in the external chart; (2) HOMA-IR at baseline and 2 years between those with and without a depression diagnosis in the external chart; (3) HOMA-IR at 1 year between those prescribed and not prescribed an antidepressant at baseline; (4) fasting glucose at 10 weeks and 1 year between those with and without a depression diagnosis in the external chart