. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Alzheimers Dement. 2021 Dec 2;18(8):1461–1471. doi: 10.1002/alz.12509

Table 4.

Neuropsychiatric presentations among National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center participants with dementia at baseline, stratified by race.

NPIQ Domain No. (%)	Black (N = 1,528)^†	White (N = 11,267)^†	χ² (ϕ)	Unadjusted e^β (95% CI)	Adjusted e^β (95% CI)
Symptom present:

Agitation/aggression	707 (48.0)	3,820 (35.2)	92.00 (.09)	1.70 (1.53, 1.90)^***	1.69 (1.51, 1.90)^***
Anxiety	565 (38.4)	4,568 (42.1)	7.40 (−.03)	0.86 (0.77, 0.96)^**	0.90 (0.80, 1.01)
Apathy/indifference	655 (44.5)	5,234 (48.2)	7.24 (−.02)	0.86 (0.77, 0.96)^**	0.95 (0.85, 1.07)
Appetite/eating problems	539 (36.6)	3,365 (31.0)	18.74 (.04)	1.29 (1.15, 1.44)^***	1.39 (1.24, 1.57)^***
Delusions	461 (31.3)	1,576 (14.5)	264.78 (.15)	2.68 (2.37, 3.03)^***	2.27 (1.99, 2.58)^***
Depression/dysphoria	608 (41.4)	4,462 (41.1)	0.03 (<.01)	1.01 (0.90, 1.13)	1.04 (0.92, 1.17)
Disinhibition	394 (26.8)	2,800 (25.8)	0.66 (.01)	1.05 (0.93, 1.19)	1.21 (1.06, 1.38)^**
Elation/euphoria	99 (6.7)	772 (7.1)	0.30 (−0.01)	0.94 (0.76, 1.17)	1.19 (0.94, 1.49)
Hallucinations	264 (17.9)	972 (9.0)	115.84 (.10)	2.22 (1.92, 2.58)^***	2.03 (1.73, 2.38)^***
Irritability/lability	671 (45.6)	4,435 (40.9)	12.09 (.03)	1.21 (1.09, 1.36)^***	1.25 (1.12, 1.40)^***
Motor disturbances	476 (32.3)	2,709 (25.0)	36.83 (.06)	1.44 (1.28, 1.62)^***	1.58 (1.39, 1.78)^***
Nighttime behaviors	568 (38.7)	3,360 (31.0)	34.74 (.05)	1.40 (1.25, 1.57)^***	1.49 (1.33, 1.68)^***

Measure, M (SD)	Black	White		Unadjusted F( $η_{p}^{2}$ )	Adjusted F( $η_{p}^{2}$ )

NPIQ total severity	6.74 (5.92)	5.57 (5.02)		41.63 (.003)^***	59.46 (.005)^***
NPIQ total symptoms	4.09 (2.84)	3.53 (2.55)		60.49 (.005)^***	80.55 (.007)^***

Values are displayed as No. (%) for all NPIQ variables, within each column (e.g., within race).

Adjusted statistical models include age, sex, and education as covariates. NPIQ total severity scores were rank transformed due to distribution non-normality.

^†

Sample sizes varied nominally according to NPIQ symptom domain (Supplemental file 3).

Abbreviations: e^β, Exponentiated beta; NPIQ, Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire; M, Mean; No., Number; $η_{p}^{2}$ , Partial eta squared; SD, Standard deviation.

^**

p<.01;

^***

p<.001