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. 2022 May 19;13:876168. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876168

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Copyright © 2022 Zhuang, Huang, Zeng, Wu, Qiao, Liu, Wang, Zhou and Xiong

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Dynamic changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. (A–E) Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the small intestines. (A) IL-1β. (B) TNF-α. (C) IL-6. (D) IL-8. (E) IL-18. (F) Serum endotoxin. (G–J) Levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the small intestines. (G) TGF-β. (H) IL-10. (I) IL-4. (J) sTNF-αR. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 6). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with the Sham group.