Table 4.
Associations of AAS Use, APED Variety, and Number of Cycles with Traits of Interest.
| Variable (reference group “No”) | AAS User Compared to AAS Nonuser | Current AAS User Compared to Former AAS User | Former AAS User Compared to AAS Nonuser, Considered Using | AAS Nonuser, Considered Using Compared to AAS Nonuser, Never Considered Using | Number of Different APED Types Used (per 1 unit increase) | Number of AAS Cycles (per 1 unit increase) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | ||||||
| Psychopathic Traits | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.45 (0.96–2.17) | 2.47 (1.03–6.62) | 0.54 (0.21–1.27) | 1.93 (1.17–3.26) | 1.04 (0.96–1.14) | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) |
| Adjusted | 2.50 (1.52–4.15) | 1.86 (0.72–5.24) | 1.15 (0.41–2.95) | 2.19 (1.27–3.87) | 1.19 (1.07–1.33) | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) |
| Substance Use Risk-Taking Behavior | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 3.02 (2.04–4.51) | 1.75 (0.80–3.83) | 1.31 (0.62–2.75) | 3.08 (1.88–5.16) | 1.23 (1.13–1.35) | 1.27 (1.14–1.46) |
| Adjusted | 3.10 (1.97–4.93) | 1.90 (0.83–4.37) | 1.22 (0.55–2.77) | 3.51 (2.06–6.14) | 1.24 (1.12–1.38) | 1.26 (1.10–1.46) |
| Sexual risk-taking behavior | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 3.07 (1.86–5.31) | 0.91 (0.25–2.70) | 1.99 (0.73–6.96) | 3.11 (1.94–5.03) | 1.31 (1.15–1.52) | 1.40 (1.16–1.78) |
| Adjusted | 1.79 (1.01–3.26) | 1.31 (0.34–4.25) | 0.84 (0.28–3.14) | 3.38 (2.00–5.78) | 1.18 (1.02–1.38) | 1.17 (0.95–1.51) |
| Anger problems | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.54 (0.97–2.50) | 1.59 (0.60–3.92) | 0.69 (0.30–1.75) | 2.67 (1.63–4.43) | 1.06 (0.96–1.18) | 0.97 (0.89–1.07) |
| Adjusted | 1.71 (1.02–2.95) | 1.43 (0.53–3.66) | 0.80 (0.32–2.12) | 3.16 (1.86–5.42) | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) |
| Emotional stability problems | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.33 (0.89–1.99) | 2.17 (0.97–4.83) | 0.60 (0.28–1.28) | 1.63 (1.04–2.56) | 1.09 (1.00–1.20) | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) |
| Adjusted | 1.54 (0.97–2.46) | 1.73 (0.75–3.97) | 0.79 (0.35–1.80) | 1.87 (1.16–3.01) | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | 1.05 (0.95–1.18) |
| Cognitive problems | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 0.85 (0.57–1.24) | 1.44 (0.66–3.15) | 0.56 (0.26–1.19) | 1.24 (0.79–1.93) | 0.95 (0.87–1.02) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) |
| Adjusted | 1.01 (0.65–1.57) | 1.25 (0.55–2.86) | 0.72 (0.32–1.61) | 1.53 (0.95–2.46) | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 0.99 (0.88–1.10) |
| Depressive symptoms | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 0.93 (0.63–1.38) | 2.38 (1.06–5.51) | 0.37 (0.16–0.80) | 1.79 (1.14–2.80) | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) |
| Adjusted | 1.02 (0.65–1.61) | 2.02 (0.86–4.86) | 0.43 (0.18–1.01) | 2.12 (1.32–3.44) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) |
| Anxiety symptoms | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 1.11 (0.74–1.67) | 4.64 (1.68–16.47) | 0.27 (0.08–0.73) | 1.35 (0.85–2.18) | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 1.07 (0.99–1.18) |
| Adjusted | 1.14 (0.71–1.80) | 2.36 (0.81–8.66) | 0.30 (0.08–0.84) | 1.42 (0.87–2.34) | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 1.11 (1.00–1.25) |
| Impulsivity symptoms | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 0.87 (0.57–1.33) | 3.40 (1.52–7.78) | 0.26 (0.12–0.55) | 1.99 (1.23–3.23) | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) | 1.02 (0.92–1.14) |
| Adjusted | 1.01 (0.63–1.63) | 2.92 (1.27–6.84) | 0.33 (0.14–0.74) | 2.17 (1.31–3.61) | 1.01 (0.91–1.12) | 1.07 (0.95–1.23) |
| Physical problems | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 2.40 (1.34–4.59) | 6.39 (2.04–21.06) | 0.70 (0.30–1.78) | 1.08 (0.62–1.86) | 1.34 (1.14–1.64) | 1.85 (1.31–2.97) |
| Adjusted | 2.23 (1.16–4.51) | 5.86 (1.83–19.74) | 0.63 (0.25–1.72) | 1.33 (0.74–2.39) | 1.33 (1.12–1.66) | 1.85 (1.29–3.01) |
Results with CI excluding OR = 1 (no difference) are bolded.