Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample.
| GDM-NW | GDM-OW | GDM-OB | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=200) | (n=157) | (n=152) | ||
| Age (years) | 31.6 ± 4.8 | 32.6 ± 4.9 | 32.0 ± 4.6 | 0.192 |
| Height (cm) | 164 ± 6.8 | 163 ± 6.8 | 164 ± 6.2 | 0.280 |
| Weight, before pregnancy (kg) | 59.0 ± 7.0 | 72.8 ± 6.7* | 95.5 ± 15.3*† | <0.001 |
| BMI, before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 21.9 ± 2.0 | 27.4 ± 1.3* | 35.6 ± 4.8*† | <0.001 |
| Multiple pregnancy (%) | 23 (11.4) | 15 (9.6) | 10 (6.6) | 0.295 |
| OGTT Glucose 0’ (mg/dl) | 88.4 ± 12.2 | 92.8 ± 9.9* | 95.2 ± 9.0* | <0.001 |
| OGTT Glucose 60’ (mg/dl) | 174.6 ± 33.2 | 179.1 ± 34.4 | 180.3 ± 33.4 | 0.336 |
| OGTT Glucose 120’ (mg/dl) | 135.2 ± 30.9 | 139.8 ± 31.4 | 138.8 ± 35.1 | 0.482 |
| Gestational age at GDM diagnosis (weeks) | 28.0 (26.0-29.5) | 27.0 (25.0-30.0) | 26.5 (23.0-28.0)*† | <0.001 |
| Pharmacotherapy (Metformin and/or Insulin) | 52 (26.0) | 75 (47.8)* | 84 (55.3)* | <0.001 |
| Metformin only (%) | 12 (6.0) | 15 (9.6) | 15 (9.9) | 0.317 |
| Metformin total (%) | 16 (8.0) | 19 (12.1) | 27 (17.9)* | 0.022 |
| Metformin total (g/d) | 1.50 (1.25-1.85) | 1.50 (1.00-2.50) | 2.50 (1.50-2.50)* | 0.032 |
| Insulin and Metformin (%) | 4 (2.0) | 4 (2.5) | 12 (7.9)*† | 0.016 |
| Insulin BI or RAI total (%) | 40 (20.0) | 60 (38.2)* | 69 (45.3)* | <0.001 |
| Insulin BI or RAI total (IU/d) | 24.0 (15.5-31.5) | 30.0 (18.0-40.0) | 40.0 (27.0-52.0)*† | 0.019 |
| Insulin BI total (%) | 31 (15.5) | 55 (35.0)* | 63 (41.4)* | <0.001 |
| Insulin BI total (IU/d) | 12 (9-24) | 12 (10-21) | 16 (12-27) | 0.122 |
| Insulin RAI total (%) | 24 (12.1) | 31 (20.0)* | 34 (22.4)* | 0.026 |
| Insulin RAI total (IU/d) | 10 (4.5-15) | 10 (5-19) | 14 (10-26)* | 0.029 |
Data are mean ± SD or median (IQR) and count (%) for patients with GDM and normal weight (GDM-NW) vs. overweight (GDM-OW) and obese patients (GDM-OB). BMI, body mass index; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; Insulin BI, basal insulin; insulin RAI, rapid acting insulin.
*p<0.05 vs. GDM-NW.
†p<0.05 vs. GDM-OW.