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. 2022 May 30;20:194–207. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.05.019

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© 2022 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 6 — Regional release of growth factors and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant regulation synergistically induce fibrochondrocyte differentiation of MSCs. Immunofluorescence to observe the expression of COL-1 (collagen I, red) and COL-2 (collagen II, green). (i) The growth medium is used as a control (No stimulus group). (ii) CTGF and TGF-β3 were non-temporally and non-spatially partitioned to induce differentiation of MSCs for 3 weeks (non-spatiotemporal partition group). (iii) CTGF and TGF-β3 were temporally and spatially partitioned to induce differentiation of MSCs for 3 weeks (Spatiotemporal partition group). (iv) TEM and inflammatory cell models were co-cultured and CTGF and TGF-β3 factors were temporally and spatially partitioned to induce differentiation of MSCs for 3 weeks (spatiotemporal partition/inflammation group). (v) TEM and inflammatory cell models were co-cultured after treatment with Ac2-26 peptide, and CTGF and TGF-β3 were spatiotemporally partitioned to induce differentiation of MSCs for 3 weeks (spatiotemporal partition/inflammation/AC2-26 group).