Table 2.
Factors Associated With Vaccination Willingness (Univariate Analysis).
| n | Willing to get COVID-19 vaccine (n, %) | Unwilling to get vaccine/not decided (n, %) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic characteristics | ||||
| Age (median, interquartile range) | 650 | 68.0 (17) | 56.5 (30) | <.001* |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 658 | 227 (45.3) | 59 (37.6) | .088 |
| Living with others | 634 | 413 (85.7) | 132 (86.8) | .72 |
| Current smoker | 635 | 68 (14.1) | 41 (27.0) | <.001 |
| Having family physician | 627 | 443 (93.1) | 128 (84.8) | .002 |
| Regular visits | 630 | 455 (94.8) | 131 (87.3) | .002 |
| Self-rated health | ||||
| Good | 629 | 431 (89.8) | 117 (78.5) | <.001 |
| Working as healthcare professional | 627 | 14 (2.9) | 4 (2.6) | .55 |
| Working as nursing home staff member | 626 | 24 (5.0) | 9 (6.1) | .61 |
| Past experience related to vaccine | ||||
| Influenza vaccination in 2020/21 season | 660 | 391 (77.9) | 81 (51.3) | <.001 |
| Past pneumococcal vaccination (for age 65 years and older) | 346 | 183 (61.4) | 24 (50.0) | .14 |
| Experience of vaccine adverse event | 660 | 24 (4.8) | 10 (6.3) | .44 |
| Past experience related to COVID-19 | ||||
| Ever tested for COVID-19 | 660 | 31 (6.2) | 8 (5.1) | .61 |
| Ever designated a close contact of COVID-19 | 660 | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1.0 † |
| People around you have history of COVID-19 diagnosis | 660 | 16 (3.2) | 9 (5.7) | .15 |
| Recommendation from others | 648 | 156 (31.5) | 15 (9.8) | <.001 |
| Information source (multiple choice) | ||||
| Television | 646 | 478 (97.2) | 149 (96.8) | .79 † |
| Newspaper | 284 (57.7) | 52 (33.8) | <.001 | |
| Magazine | 31 (6.3) | 5 (3.2) | .15 | |
| Internet | 158 (32.1) | 60 (39.0) | .12 | |
| Hospital or Clinic | 70 (14.2) | 18 (11.7) | .42 | |
| City or Prefecture | 79 (16.1) | 30 (19.5) | .32 | |
| Family or Friends | 160 (32.5) | 46 (29.9) | .54 | |
| Attitudes and beliefs about COVID-19 and its vaccine | ||||
| Perceived susceptibility | 650 | 243 (49.2) | 57 (36.5) | .006 |
| Perceived severity | 651 | 309 (62.6) | 85 (54.1) | .06 |
| Social influence | 657 | 495 (99.0) | 148 (94.3) | <.001 † |
| Response efficacy | 656 | 425 (85.0) | 123 (78.8) | .07 |
| Sufficient information | 653 | 217 (43.7) | 39 (25.0) | .011 |
| Vaccine’s effectiveness | 658 | 491 (98.0) | 122 (77.7) | <.001 |
| Perceived susceptibility to adverse event | 650 | 206 (41.6) | 108 (69.7) | <.001 |
| Perceived severity of adverse events | 652 | 272 (54.6) | 128 (83.1) | <.001 |
| Social norm | 655 | 491 (98.4) | 127 (81.4) | <.001 |
| Influence of COVID-19 vaccine properties | ||||
| The vaccines were rapidly produced | 588 | 245 (54.3) | 95 (69.3) | .002 |
| The vaccines’ mechanism differs from those of conventional vaccines | 562 | 226 (52.7) | 88 (66.2) | .006 |
| The vaccines are produced outside of Japan | 563 | 232 (54.0) | 98 (73.7) | <.001 |
| Influence of system factors | ||||
| The vaccine cost is covered by government | 568 | 269 (62.1) | 81 (60.0) | .66 |
| The coupon is mailed to us by the municipal office | 544 | 240 (58.1) | 72 (55.0) | .53 |
| We can get a COVID-19 vaccine at places other than medical facilities | 548 | 229 (55.2) | 69 (51.9) | .51 |
| We cannot get a COVID-19 vaccine at familiar clinics or hospitals | 539 | 192 (47.1) | 79 (60.3) | .008 |
| We need to make an appointment to get a COVID-19 vaccine | 549 | 208 (50.1) | 73 (54.5) | .38 |
| We cannot get a COVID-19 vaccine at regular doctor visits | 552 | 183 (44.0) | 73 (53.7) | .049 |
| Prioritization for who is vaccinated has been decided | 554 | 175 (41.8) | 65 (48.1) | .19 |
*
Mann-Whitney U test.
†
Fisher’s exact test.