TABLE 1.
The role of growth factors in the repair of motor injuries.
| Organization | Growth factor and preparations | Function | Mechanism | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle | Insulin-like growth factor -1 (IGF-1) | Repair muscle damage and increase muscle quality | Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK1/2) pathway and PI3K/Akt pathway; Regulating the number of MSCs; Directly promote that proliferation and differentiation of muscle cells; Regulation of inflammatory response | Kim and Lee, (2017), Choi et al., (2019), Ahmad et al., (2020), Wroblewski et al., (2021), Zofkie et al., (2021) |
| Insulin-like growth factor IGF-2 | ||||
| Fibroblast growth factor 6 (FGF6) | ||||
| Human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) | ||||
| Transforming growth factor -β (TGF-β) | ||||
| Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) | ||||
| Autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP) | ||||
| Bones, joints | Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) | Repair damaged bones and protect bone homeostasis; Promote that regeneration of the joint synovial membrane; Repair damaged ligaments | Assisting the recruitment and migration of mesenchymal cells, the coagulation of progenitor cells, and the differentiation and maturation of chondrocytes; Promote the migration of bone progenitor cells and induce proliferation, differentiation and matrix formation; Induce osteoblast proliferation and differentiation | Frei et al., (2008), Kon et al., (2010), Liedert et al., (2014), Seijas et al., (2014), Zubair et al., (2018), Xu et al., (2022) |
| Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) | ||||
| Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) | ||||
| Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) | ||||
| Transforming growth factor -β(TGF-β) | ||||
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | ||||
| Autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP) | ||||
| Growth factor midkine (Mdk) | ||||
| Myelogenous growth factor (MYDGF) | ||||
| Nerve | Nerve growth factor (NGF) | Repair damaged nerve and neuromuscular junction | Regulating the expression of nerve factors at the injury site; Promoting mitosis and pluripotency of nerve cells; Reducing the death of nerve cells; Regulate autophagy to promote endothelial cell repair | Golzadeh and Mohammadi, (2016), Ko et al., (2019), Lu et al., (2020), Zhu et al., (2020), Ye et al., (2021), Yokozeki et al., (2021) |
| TGF-β | ||||
| Platelet derived growth factor B (PDGF-B) | ||||
| Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) | ||||
| Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) | ||||
| Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) | ||||
| Vascular endothelial growth factor -A (Vegf-A) |