Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to quintiles of rice intake in men and women
| Men |
Women |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 (low) | Quintile 3 | Quintile 5 (high) | Quintile 1 (low) | Quintile 3 | Quintile 5 (high) | |
| n | 3244 | 3585 | 5713 | 5839 | 5497 | 3369 |
| Median rice intake (g/day) | 234.0 | 404.0 | 683.2 | 238.1 | 402.7 | 570.2 |
| Age at interview (year) | 54.3 ± 7.3 | 55.5 ± 7.6 | 55.5 ± 7.5 | 52.9 ± 6.9 | 55.5 ± 7.7 | 56.9 ± 7.9 |
| Cantonese [n (%)] | 1527 (47.1) | 1575 (44.0) | 2872 (50.3) | 2987 (51.2) | 2421 (44.0) | 1713 (50.9) |
| Higher education level [n (%)]a | 1728 (53.3) | 1483 (41.4) | 1881 (32.9) | 2117 (36.3) | 1031 (18.8) | 408 (12.1) |
| Current smokers [n (%)] | 1099 (33.9) | 1247 (34.8) | 2141 (37.5) | 220 (3.8) | 342 (6.2) | 254 (7.5) |
| Alcohol consumption [n (%)]b | 1060 (32.7) | 742 (20.7) | 1052 (18.4) | 414 (7.1) | 235 (4.3) | 123 (3.7) |
| Higher physical activity [n (%)]c | 1573 (48.5) | 1590 (44.4) | 2588 (45.3) | 1824 (31.2) | 1288 (23.4) | 731 (21.7) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 3.3 | 22.8 ± 3.1 | 23.0 ± 3.1 | 23.1 ± 3.4 | 23.1 ± 3.2 | 23.1 ± 3.4 |
| History of hypertension [n (%)] | 612 (18.9) | 698 (19.5) | 1041 (18.2) | 1082 (18.5) | 1086 (19.8) | 654 (19.4) |
| Energy intake (kcal) | 2004.0 ± 578.8 | 1601.2 ± 441.3 | 1986.1 ± 581.4 | 1630.8 ± 448.2 | 1322.5 ± 416.7 | 1484.8 ± 538.0 |
| Food intake (g/day) | ||||||
| Noodles | 71.9 ± 54.9 | 54.0 ± 38.0 | 36.6 ± 38.1 | 69.7 ± 48.1 | 53.3 ± 32.1 | 39.5 ± 29.8 |
| Bread | 38.7 ± 30.3 | 34.3 ± 24.1 | 24.2 ± 24.3 | 38.6 ± 25.4 | 33.9 ± 20.7 | 24.3 ± 19.7 |
| White bread | 31.9 ± 32.3 | 34.0 ± 35.2 | 25.3 ± 27.9 | 35.4 ± 34.3 | 38.9 ± 38.9 | 27.7 ± 30.9 |
| Wholemeal bread | 9.0 ± 22.2 | 8.1 ± 22.2 | 4.2 ± 14.0 | 11.8 ± 25.0 | 8.5 ± 22.6 | 4.3 ± 14.7 |
| Red meat | 37.0 ± 25.9 | 33.1 ± 18.3 | 22.4 ± 19.6 | 32.6 ± 19.9 | 30.7 ± 14.5 | 22.9 ± 14.7 |
| Poultry | 24.6 ± 22.3 | 21.5 ± 15.5 | 14.6 ± 16.6 | 23.9 ± 18.5 | 21.2 ± 13.2 | 15.8 ± 12.9 |
| Fish | 63.2 ± 33.7 | 56.6 ± 25.4 | 41.9 ± 26.3 | 65.1 ± 30.5 | 56.1 ± 21.4 | 43.7 ± 21.4 |
| Soy | 140.3 ± 113.9 | 104.6 ± 70.7 | 65.8 ± 71.8 | 158.3 ± 103.9 | 115.1 ± 61.9 | 80.3 ± 55.0 |
| Vegetables | 124.8 ± 71.3 | 107.5 ± 48.5 | 78.4 ± 47.9 | 147.8 ± 65.4 | 115.7 ± 43.0 | 90.2 ± 39.6 |
| Fruits | 260.1 ± 214.5 | 203.7 ± 143.4 | 128.4 ± 133.9 | 291.6 ± 193.1 | 204.1 ± 121.1 | 135.1 ± 101.5 |
Mean ± SD (all such values)
a
Secondary school and above
b
At least once weekly
c
At least 0.5 h per week of moderate or strenuous physical activity