Table 2.
HRs (95% CIs) of type 2 diabetes according to quintiles of rice, noodles and bread intake
| Quintiles of intake |
P-trend | Per serving increment (d) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (low) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 (high) | |||
| Rice | |||||||
| Men (cases/person-years) | 380/34,299 | 341/34,389 | 399/38,898 | 416/39,631 | 659/62,031 | – | – |
| Median intake (g/d) | 234.0 | 334.1 | 404.0 | 473.8 | 683.2 | – | – |
| Model 1 (age/energy-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.78, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.08) | 0.898 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) |
| Model 2 (lifestyle-adjusted HR)a | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.12) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.16) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | 0.828 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.02) |
| Model 3 (AHEI-adjusted HR)b | 1.00 | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.15) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 0.589 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) |
| Women (cases/person-years) | 620/63,109 | 697/65,007 | 641/60,658 | 616/59,598 | 438/37,121 | – | – |
| Median intake (g/d) | 238.1 | 333.7 | 402.7 | 474.4 | 570.2 | – | – |
| Model 1 (age/energy-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) | 1.14 (1.01, 1.29) | 0.110 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) |
| Model 2 (lifestyle-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.17) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.26) | 0.236 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) |
| Model 3 (AHEI-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.90, 1.17) | 0.903 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) |
| Men and women combinedc | |||||||
| Model 3 (AHEI-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.92, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.608 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) |
| Noodles | |||||||
| Men (cases/person-years) | 527/53,840 | 385/38,930 | 396/36,483 | 411/38,197 | 476/41,798 | – | – |
| Median intake (g/day) | 10.5 | 31.5 | 46.8 | 66.1 | 108.2 | – | – |
| Model 1 (age/energy-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.90, 1.17) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.29) | 1.12 (0.98, 1.27) | 1.17 (1.03, 1.32) | 0.009 | 1.14 (1.04, 1.26) |
| Model 2 (lifestyle-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.90, 1.17) | 1.10 (0.96, 1.26) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.21) | 0.306 | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) |
| Model 3 (AHEI-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) | 1.09 (0.95, 1.25) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.21) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.20) | 0.405 | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) |
| Women (cases/person-years) | 427/46,135 | 593/61,686 | 632/62,613 | 675/60,336 | 685/54,723 | – | – |
| Median intake (g/d) | 14.8 | 31.9 | 46.6 | 65.7 | 106.9 | – | – |
| Model 1 (age/energy-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.91, 1.17) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.25) | 1.23 (1.09, 1.39) | 1.39 (1.23, 1.57) | < 0.001 | 1.38 (1.26, 1.51) |
| Model 2 (lifestyle-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.85, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.17) | 1.13 (1.00, 1.28) | 1.20 (1.06, 1.35) | < 0.001 | 1.22 (1.12, 1.34) |
| Model 3 (AHEI-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.26) | 1.16 (1.02, 1.31) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (1.09, 1.30) |
| Men and women combined | |||||||
| Model 3 (AHEI-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.89, 1.07) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.14) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.22) | 0.001 | 1.12 (1.05, 1.20) |
| Bread | |||||||
| Men (cases/person-years) | 590/51,749 | 432/38,605 | 396/36,361 | 378/40,537 | 399/41,996 | – | – |
| Median intake (g/d) | 4.6 | 17.7 | 29.1 | 45.2 | 64.3 | – | – |
| Model 1 (age/energy-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.88, 1.13) | 0.97 (0.85, 1.10) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) | 0.84 (0.74, 0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.81 (0.73, 0.89) |
| Model 2 (lifestyle-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) | 0.87 (0.76, 0.99) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 0.006 | 0.85 (0.77, 0.94) |
| Model 3 (AHEI-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.19) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.02) | 0.013 | 0.86 (0.78, 0.95) |
| Women (cases/person-years) | 574/47,240 | 705/59,647 | 635/62,566 | 550/58,174 | 548/57,866 | – | – |
| Median intake (g/day) | 7.6 | 17.7 | 29.0 | 45.1 | 60.7 | – | – |
| Model 1 (age/energy-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.88, 1.10) | 0.84 (0.75, 0.94) | 0.79 (0.70, 0.88) | 0.78 (0.69, 0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.74 (0.67, 0.82) |
| Model 2 (lifestyle-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.89, 1.12) | 0.88 (0.78, 0.98) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.93) | < 0.001 | 0.79 (0.71, 0.87) |
| Model 3 (AHEI-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.91, 1.14) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.01) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.97) | 0.001 | 0.82 (0.74, 0.90) |
| Men and women combined | |||||||
| Model 3 (AHEI-adjusted HR) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.95, 1.13) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 0.88 (0.80, 0.96) | 0.89 (0.81, 0.97) | < 0.001 | 0.84 (0.78, 0.90) |
| White bread | |||||||
| Men and women combined | |||||||
| Model 3 (AHEI-adjusted HR) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.90 (0.86, 0.95) |
| Wholemeal bread | |||||||
| Men and women combined | |||||||
| Model 3 (AHEI-adjusted HR) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.86 (0.78, 0.94) |
Estimates are hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals)
a
Lifestyle-adjusted model additionally controlled for father’s dialect, year of interview, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, education level, physical activity, body mass index and history of hypertension
b
In addition to model 2 with the exception of alcohol consumption, adjusted for Alternative Healthy Eating Index—2010 and sex (the latter only in the model with males and females combined) (31). We also mutually adjusted for white bread and wholemeal bread in the analysis involving white and wholemeal bread
c
P-interaction for sex in model 3, respectively, were as follows: rice 0.316; noodles 0.065; bread 0.567; white bread 0.765; wholemeal bread 0.609