Table 1.
Examples of some studies in Africa showing the role of different Anopheles species in malaria transmission
| SN | Country | Year | Dominant vector[s] | Other Anopheles | Sporozoite prevalence | EIR contribution | Feeding habits | Human blood index | Resistance status and mechanism of resistance detected | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tanzania | 2021 | An. funestus |
An. arabiensis An. parensis, An. rivulorum, An. gambiae s.s |
Not reported |
An. funestus s.l (96.47%) An. gambiae s.l (3.53%) |
An. funestus: endophilic An. arabiensis exophilic |
Not reported |
An. funestus: resistant to pyrethroids L1014S-Kdr mutation detected in An. gambiae s.s. |
[1] |
| 2. | Tanzania | 2018 | An. funestus |
An. arabiensis An. coustani |
An. funestus (0.205%) An. arabiensis (0%) |
An. funestus (100%) An. arabiensis (0%) |
Not reported | Not reported | An. arabiensis confirmed resistance toward pyrethroid | [2] |
| 3. | Zambia | 2017 | An. funestus |
An. leesoni An. gambiae s.s |
An. funestus (2.7%) An. gambiae s.s (3.1%) |
An. funestus (87.03%) An. gambiae s.s (19.97%) |
Not reported |
An. funestus (3.2%) An. gambiae s.s, (25.7%) |
Not reported | [3] |
| 4. | Tanzania | 2017 | An. funestus |
An. arabiensis An. leesoni An. rivulorum An. pharoensis An. squamosus An. ziemanni An. wellcomei |
An. arabiensis, (0.0002%) An funestus, (0.0053%) |
An. funestus (86.21%) An. arabiensis (13.79%) |
An. funestus anthropophagic |
An. funestus (100%) An. leesoni (100%) An. arabiensis (73.4%) |
An. funestus resistance to deltamethrin, permethrin, lambda cyhalothrin and DDT confirmed Susceptible to Pirimiphos-methyl, malathion and dieldrin |
[4] |
| 4. | Kenya | 2011 | An. funestus s.l. |
An. gambiae s.s An. arabiensis |
An. funestus (0.0057%) An. gambiae (0.0043%) |
An funestus s.l 63.6% An. gambiae s.l 36.3% |
Not reported |
An funestus s.l (94.1%) An. gambiae (83.9%) |
Not reported | [5] |
| 5. | Madagascar | 2010 | An. funestus |
An. gambiae An. mascarensis |
An. funestus (1.58%) An. gambiae s.l. (0.48%) An. mascarensis (0.75%) |
An. funestus (77.3%) An. gambiae (6.47%) An. mascarensis (16.19%) |
An. funestus Anthropophagic An. gambiae Anthropophagic |
Not reported | Not reported | [6] |
| 6. | Kenya | 2017 | An. funestus |
An. arabiensis An. gambiae s.s An. coustani An. pharoensis |
An. funestus (1.8%) An. arabiensis (0.16%) |
An. funestus (63.6%) An. arabiensis (36.3%) |
An. funestus anthropophagic An. arabiensis exophilic and zoophagic |
An. funestus (60%) An. arabiensis (2.5%) An. gambiae (50%) |
Not reported | [7] |
| 7 | Benin | 2019 | An. arabiensis |
An. funestus s.s An. coluzzii An. gambiae s.s An. ziemani An. pharaonis |
An. funestus (0.048%) An. gambiae s.l (0.017%) An. nilli (0.0125%) |
An. funestus (5.86%) An. gambiae s.l (82.2%) An. nilli (11.9%) |
Not reported | An. gambiae s.l (91.3%) | Not reported | [8] |
| 8. | Rwanda | 2018 | An. gambiae |
An. funestus An. ziemanni An. coustani |
An. gambiae s.l (2.79%) | An. gambiae s.l (100%) | An. gambiae s.l endophily | Not reported | Not reported | [9] |
| 9. | Ethiopia | 2017 | An. arabiensis |
An.funestus s.l, An. demeilloni An. cinereus, An. pharoensis, |
An. arabiensis (3%) An. demeilloni, (0%) |
An. arabiensis (100%) An. demeilloni (0%) |
Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | [10] |
| 10. | Ethiopia | 2017 | An. arabiensis |
An. funestus s.l. An. coluzi An. pharoensis |
An. funestus (2.3%) An. arabiensis (4.1%) An. pharoensis (4.5%) |
An. funestus (22.6%) An. arabiensis (61.5%) An. pharoensis (15.7%) |
An. funestus Anthropophagic An. arabiensis Anthropophagic |
An. funestus s.l. (87.2%) An. arabiensis (82.4%) |
Not reported | [11] |
| 11. |
Côte d’Ivoire |
2015 | An. gambiae |
An. funestus An. nilli An. pharoensis An. coustani An. ziemanni An. wellcomei An. brohieri |
An. funestus (1.3%) An. gambiae (2.5%) |
An. funestus (7.85%) An. gambiae (92.15%) |
Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | [12] |
| 13. | Ghana | 2012 | An. gambiae s.s |
An. arabiensis, An. funestus An. pharoensis |
An. gambiae s.s. (1.52%) An. funestus (0%) |
An. gambiae s.s. (100%) An. funestus (0%) |
Not reported | An. gambiae s.s. (66.67%) | Not reported | [13] |
| 14. | Chad | 2009 | An. arabiensis |
An. pharoensi An. funestus An. ziemann |
An. arabiensis (1.4%) An. funestus (1.4%) An. pharoensi (0.8%) An. ziemann (0.5%) |
An. arabiensis (84.5%) An. pharoensis (12.2%) An. funestus (2.5%) An. ziemanni (0.8%) |
An. arabiensis, endophagic An. funestus endophagic |
An. funestus (90.6%) An. pharoensis (71.4%) An. arabiensis (63.9%) |
Not reported | [14] |
| 15. | Cameroon | 2005 | An. gambiae |
An. moucheti An. funestus |
An. gambiae (15.3%) An. moucheti (3.4%) An. funestus (17.0%) |
An. gambiae (84%) An. moucheti (11%) An. funestus (5%) |
Not reported | Not reported | Not reported | [15] |
| 16. | Nigeria | 2010 | An. gambiae s.s |
An. melas An. nilli |
An. gambiae s.s (42.5%) An. melas (57.5%) An. nili (0%) |
An. gambiae s.s (83%) An. melas (17%) An. nili (0%) |
Not reported |
An. gambiae s.s (63.3%) An. melas (73.8%) An. nili (0%) |
Not reported | [16] |
N.B These papers were randomly selected as examples to show the reported importance of An. funestus in malaria transmission in different settings in Africa. The search was done intentionally to provide examples of reported importance in different setting