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. 2022 Jun 2;41:186. doi: 10.1186/s13046-022-02379-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — EVs characterization: (A) Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) of EVs isolated from advanced NSCLC plasma samples showing a concentration of 2.15 × 10⁸ particles/mL with a mode diameter of 68.4 nm. (B) The immunogold transmission electron microscopy (TEM) depicted EVs of similar size with expression of PD-L1 in the membrane. (C) Western blot (WB) images revealed expression of PD-L1, Flotillin-1, and CD9 in the plasma EVs and lung cancer culture EVs, while low expression of GM130