Table 2.

GCPDX models as preclinical research tools to evaluate drug efficacy.

Study Type	Mice Strain	Tumor Location	Drug Target (s)	Drug (s) Evaluated	Observation	References
Efficacy	NOD/SCID	subcutaneous	CDK12, PAK2	Procaterol	CDK12 and PAK2 as novel therapeutic targets for human gastric cancer	(103)
Efficacy	Nude	subcutaneous	RSK2	Carnosol	Carnosol is an RSK2 inhibitor for treating gastric cancer	(104)
Precision medicine	Nude	subcutaneous	c-Met	Volitinib	Volitinib as a therapeutic option for patients with GC tumors harboring amplified c-Met	(105)
Precision medicine	NSG	subcutaneous	ERBB2 and MET	Afatinib + MET inhibitor	Sensitivity and resistance of trastuzumab-resistant GC cancer to therapy were associated with EGFR/ERBB2 amplification and MET amplification	(106)
Precision medicine	F1: NOD-SCID Fn: nude	subcutaneous	HER2+	HER2 antibody + Herceptin	Matching rate of above 80% between original patient tissues and p5 PDX tissues	(79)
Efficacy	BALB/c nude	subcutaneous	VEGF, MMP-7, EGFT, Ki-67 and PCNA	Trastuzumab + Cetuximab	A cancer therapy specific to a stage III GC patient	(107)
Efficacy	Athymic nude	subcutaneous (Matrigel)	Wnt/β-catenin target genes (AXIN2, MYC, and LGR5)	2,4-diamino-quinazoline	Wnt-signaling pathway is a druggable therapeutic target in the treatment of GC	(108)
Efficacy	BALB/c nude	subcutaneous	JAK2/STAT3	CYT997	Inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 pathway is a critical modulator of CYT997-induced autophagy and apoptosis in gastric cancer	(109)
Precision medicine	BALB/c nude	subcutaneous (Matrigel)	HER2 heterogeneity that is unresponsive to T-DM1	DS-8201a	Favoring treatment of HER2 heterogeneous tumors unresponsive to T-DM1	(110)