Table 3.

Various biological-based processes employed in the removal of volatile organic compounds

VOCs	Methods	Sources	Elimination Capacity	References
BTEX	Biofiltration	Paecilomyces variotii	110 gC m3 h1	[131]
Toluene/styrene	Fixed-film bioscrubber	Microbacterium esteraromaticum SBS1–7	203 g·m−3·h−1	[132]
BTEX	Biodegradation	Variovorax paradoxus	71.3% of ethylbenzene, 61.1% of m-xylene and 54.8% of p-xylene	[133]
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol	Biotrickling filtration	Fungi and Bacillus Subtilis	95–98%	[134]
n-Hexane and dichloromethane	Biotrickling fil tration	Mycobacterium sp. and Hyphomicrobium sp.	12.68 g m−3 h−1 n-hexane and 30.28 g m−3 h−1 dichloromethane	[135]
n-Hexane	Biofiltration	Fungal biomass	3000 CFU/ml (optimum biomass)	[136]
Benzene	Biofiltration	Aspergillus	151.67 g m−3 h−1	[137]
Cyclo hexane and methyl acetate	Biotrickling filtration	Ochrobactrum intermedium	100%	[138]
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, and dimethyl disulfide	Biotrickling filtration	Acidithiobacillus, Metallibacterium, and Thionomas	90.1%, 88.4%, 85.8%, and 61.8%	[139]
2,5-Dimethylpyrazine	Biofiltration	Fusarium solani	8.5 g m−3 h−1	[140]
Toluene	Biofiltration	Scedosporium apiospermum	258 g m−3 h−1	[141]
Phenol	Biofilter	Anaerobic microorganisms	>85%	[142]
Phenol	Biodegradation	Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Nitrospira sp., Rubrivivax sp.	~100%	[143]
Phenol	Biofilter	Microorganisms from municipal waste	~100%	[144]
Phenol	Biofilters	Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes	100 mg/L (effluent)	[145]
Toluene	Biotrickling filter	Cladophialophora	264.4 g m−3·h−1	[146]
2-Butoxyethanol	Biotrickling filter	Pseudomonas vancouverensis	72.8%	[147]
n-Hexane	Biotrickling filter	Toluene and 4-methyl-2-pentanone	10 g m−3 h−1	[148]
Benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene	Biotrickling filter	Burkholderia, with little Achromobacte	90%	[149]
Toluene	Biotrickling filter	Pseudomonadaceae and Comamonadaceae	99.2%	[150]
Toluene	Biotrickling filter	Cell biochar beads seeded with Pseudomonas sp.	1134 g toluene/m3. day	[151]
Toluene	Biotrickling filter	Fungi Rhamnolipids	176.8 g m−3 h−1 ; 114 g m−3 h−1 (rhamnolipids)	[152]
Toluene	Biotrickling filter	Fusarium oxysporum	98.1 g m−3 h−1	[153]
BTEX	Biofilter	Microbial growth enhanced by polyurethane	61%	[154]
Ethylbenzene	Biofilter	Bacterias	-	[155]
Sulfur dioxide and o-xylene	Biofilter	Pseudomonas sp., Paenibacillus sp., and Bacillus sp.	96.09%	[156]