Table 5.
Various biological-based processes employed in the removal of heavy metals in the treatment of water
| Heavy metals | Methods | Sources | Governed mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, Hg, and Co | Bioaccumulation | Azolla filiculoides | Phytoaccumulation | [197] |
| Fe, Pb, and Zn | Bioaccumulation | Azolla pinnata and Lemna minor | Phytoaccumulation | [198] |
| Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cr(VI) | Bioadsorption | Methane-oxidizing epipelon | Biofilm | [199] |
| Cr | Bioadsorption | Pseudomonas koreensis | Bioremediations | [200] |
| As | Bioadsorption | Biochar from rice straw | Electrostatic attraction, ion-exchange, and π–π/n-π interactions | [201] |
| Cd and Pb | Bioadsorption | Biochar from peanut shell | Freundlich isotherm model | [202] |
| Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Fe, Pb, and Zn | Bioadsorption | Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia | Retention | [203] |
| Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, and As | Bioadsorption | Biochar from tree, weed, and crop | Adsorption | [204] |
| Cu(II) and Cd(II) | Bioadsorption | Micro-algae/bacterial biomass | Langmuir model | [205] |
| Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) | Biosorption | Biochar from vegetable biomass | Electrostatic attraction | [206] |
| Cu, Pb, and Zn | Biosorption | Beetroot fibers | Retention | [207] |
| Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II), | Biosorption | Coco-peat biomass | Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm | [208] |
| Cd(II) | Biosorption | Biofilms from biotrickling filters | Langmuir isotherm model | [209] |
| Pb(II) | Biosorption | Cottonwood | Precipitation, electrostatic outer- and inner-sphere complexation | [210] |
| Pb(II) | Biosorption | Olive pips | Biosorption | [266] |
| Cu and Zn | Biosorption |
Synechocystis sp., Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. |
Autoclave | [211] |
| Cu and Pb | Biosorption | Chara algae | Best pH | [212] |
| Cd, Pb, and Ni | Biosorption | Nitzschia palea and Navicula incerta | Filtration | [213] |
| Cd (II) and Ni (II) | Biosorption | Cymodocea nodosa | Langmuir isotherms | [214] |
| Cd(II) and Pb(II) | Biosorption | Pleurotus ostreatus | Immobilization | [215] |
| Ni(II) | Biosorption | Lycopersicum esculentum | Batch method | [216] |
| As(III) | Biofilm | Biochar and Periphytic biofilm | Pseudo-second-kinetic model | [217] |
| Cd | Biofiltration | Lamellidens marginalis | Bioaccumulation | [218] |
| Fe, Mn, and NH3-N | Biofiltration | Oxidizing bacteria | Chemical oxygen oxidation; water redox environment | [219] |
| Cr(VI) | Biofiltration | Pseudomonas taiwanensis | Michaelis–Menten kinetic model; Ottengraf-Van den Oever model | [220] |
| Pb and Cd | Biofiltration | Pistia stratiotes L., Salvinia auriculata Aubl., Salvinia minima Baker, and Azolla filiculoides | Rhizofiltration | [221] |
| Fe(II), Mn(II), and As(III) | Biofiltration | Gallionella, Leptothrix, Pseudomonas, Hyphomicrobium, Arthrobacter, Alcaligenes | Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) | [222] |
| As(III) | Biofiltration | Burkholderiaceae, Comamonadaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, and Xanthomonadaceae | Autotrophy; Heterotrophic oxidation | [223] |
| Pb and Cd | Biofiltration | Polylactic acid – fish scale extracted hydroxyapatite (HAp) | Ion exchange, dissolution, and precipitation on HAp | [188] |
| Zn and Pb | Biofiltration | Stormwater | Bioretention | [224] |
| Pb(II) | Biofiltration | Furcraea andina | Biofilm-forming bacterium | [225] |
| Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, and Pb | Biofiltration | Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna minor and Azolla pinnat | Bioaccumulation | [226] |
| Cr, Co, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn | Biofiltration | Eichhornia crassipes | Bioaccumulation | [227] |
| Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, As, and Cr | Biofiltration | Taxiphyllum Barbieri | Phytofiltration | [228] |
| Ni(II) and Co(II) | Biofiltration | Escherichia coli | Biofilm formation | [229] |
| Ni, Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb, and Cu | Biofiltration | Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata | Bioremoval | [230] |
| Pb | Biofiltration | Leuconostoc mesentroides and Lactobacillus case | Biofilm | [231] |
| Cr(VI) | Biofiltration | Cellulose; Eichhornia crassipes | Langmuir isotherms | [232] |
| As and Hg | Biofiltration | Activated coconut shell | Biosorption | [233] |
| As | Bio-oxidation/adsorptive filtration method | Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans | Filtration and adsorption | [234] |
| As(II), Ca(II), Mg(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) |
Biopolymer ion exchange | Organic polymer pectin hybrid | Ion exchange | [235] |
| Zn (II), Pb (II), Cr (III) and Cr (VI) | Biopolymer filtration | Starch | Ultrafiltration | [236] |
| Cr(VI) | Biopolymer-sorption | Biocomposite beads (alginate) | Sorption process | [237] |
| Cr(III), Pb(II), and As(V) | Biopolymer-sorption | Carboxymethyl cellulose and alginate-based hybrid | Sorption process | [238] |
| Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn | Bioremediation | Serratia rubidaea NCTC12971 | Microbial detoxification | [239] |
| Cd, Pb, and Ni | Bioremediation | Phragmites australis | Phytoremediation | [240] |
| Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn | Bioremediation | Cyperus rotundus | Phytoremediation | [241] |
| Tl, Cd, Zn, and Pb | Bioremediation | Callitriche cophocarpa | Phytoremediation | [242] |
| As, Cd, and Hg | Bioremediation | Eichhornia crassipes | Phytoremediation | [243] |