Table 3.

Extraction and purification methods to obtain HA from terrestrial and marine sources

Source	Environment	ExtractionMethod	Separation/Purification method	Concentration	Reference
Eggshellmembrane	Terrestrial	Enzymatic extraction	Centrifugation	Trypsin: 44.82 mg HA/g eggshell. Papain: 39.02 mg HA/g eggshell;	(Ürgeova and Vulganova, 2016]
Eggshellmembrane	Terrestrial	Isopropanolandsodiumacetate	Silica gel and activated carbon purification	5.3 mg HA/g eggshell	(Khanmohammadi et al., 2014)
Molluskbivalve	Marine	Acetone and enzymatic extraction	Ion-exchange chromatography	4.2 mg HA/g d w of tissue	(Kanchana et al., 2013)
RoosterComb	Terrestrial	Organic solvent and sodium acetate	Centrifugation	n/d	(Kulkarni et al., 2018)
Sharkeyeballs	Marine	Alkalineprocess	Ultrafiltration, diafiltration and protein eletrodeposition	0.3 g HA/L of vitreous humor	(Murado et al., 2012)
StingrayLiver	Marine	Enzymaticextraction (Papain)	Anionexchangechromatography	6.1 mg HA/g dry weight of tissue	(Sadhasivam et al., 2013)
SwordfishEyeballs	Marine	Alkalineprocess	Ultrafiltration, diafiltration and protein eletrodeposition	0.055 g HA/L of vitreous humor	(Murado et al., 2012)

n/d: not detected