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. 2022 Apr 4;13(4):9249–9263. doi: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2059995

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© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Ellagic acid (EA) attenuated oxidative stress and promoted cartilage matrix generation in interleukin (IL)-1β-exposed chondrocytes. (a) Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined using the MDA assay. (b) Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity levels were detected using the SOD activity assay. The protein expression of SOD1 and SOD2 was assessed by (c) western blot and (d) quantification analysis. Intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were determined using (e) a 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe and (f) quantification analysis. The protein expressions of aggrecan, collagen II, and sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) were detected by (g) western blot and (h) quantification analysis. (i) Secretion levels of sulfated proteoglycans were assessed using Alcian blue staining. N = 3. The values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.