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Effects of APN on regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway. HELF cells were treated by TGF-β1 and different concentrations of APN. (a) IκB and p65 in whole cell lysate, and (b) p65 in nuclei were analyzed by western blotting. (c) The level of p65 in nuclei was tested by immunostaining. (d) Bay 11–7082 was used to treat cells for 1 h and then western blotting was performed to detect fibrosis-related proteins. n = 3. * p < 0.05 vs. nontreated group. # p < 0.05 vs. TGF-β1-treated group.
