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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 2.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurorestoratology. 2013 Jul 23;1:1–12. doi: 10.2147/jn.s43745

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Transplantation needle adversely affects hNSC survival.

Notes: Representative images of the spinal cord at the needle injection site (A) 30 minutes, (B) 1 hour, (C) 12 hours, and (D) 24 hours after needle injection. Hypoxyprobe™-1 binds the hypoxic cells that contain a pO2 level less than 10 mmHg at 37°C. Images labeled by 4-HNE adduct (brown stain), a lipid peroxidation marker, (E) before and (F) 48 hours after needle injection. Scale bars = 100 μm. (G) LDH release from hNSCs treated for 24 hours under 3% oxygen hypoxia followed by a I-hour reperfusion at normoxia. N = 5/group. (H) LDH release from hNSCs 24 hours after passing through a transplantation needle at a rate of 0.2 μL/minute or a plastic pipette tip. N = 3/group. P < 0.001. Data analyzed by Student’s t-test.

Abbreviations: 4-HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; hNSC, human neural stem cells; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; pO2, partial pressure of oxygen.