Table 1.

Cases of reactive arthritis occuring after COVID-19

Reference	Age (years)/Sex	COVID-19 infection severitya/Treatment	Delay between COVID-19 and arthritis (days)/RT-PCR at onset of arthritis	Involved joints/Associate signs	Inflam- Matory Biomarkers	Immunological tests	HLA genotyping	Arthritis management	Outcome
Liew et al. [15]	47/Male	Asymptomatic/None	6/Positive	Right knee/Balanitis	N.S	N.S	N.S	NSAIDs IASI	N.S
Schenker et al. [16]	65/Female	Moderate/NS	10/Negative	Ankles, wrists and knee joints/Purpura of the calves	CRP: 34.7 mg/L	FR, ACPA and ANA negative	HLA-B27: positive	Prednisolone	Recovered
Saricaoglu et al. [17]	73/Male	Moderate/Ceftriaxone Hidroxychloroquine Azitromycin	8/Negative	Toes dactylitis	CRP:25 mg/L	RF and ACPA negative	N.S	NSAIDs	Symptoms resolution after 22 days of NSAIDs
Ono et al. [18]	50/Male	Critical/Favipiravir cefepime vancomycin	21/NS	Ankles Calcaneal enthesitis	CRP: 7.4 mg/dL	Negative	HLA -B27:negative	NSAIDs IASI	Moderate improvement
Sureja et al. [19]	27/Female	Moderate/Methylprednisolone Favipiravir	14/Negative	Knees, ankles, midfoot joints, small joints of the right hand	N.S	RF: positive in low titres. ACPA and ANA: negative	HLA-B27: negative	NSAIDs Opioid analgesic. Steroid	Recovered within 3 weeks
Honge et al.[20]	53/male	Severe/dexamethasone	16/Negative	Right knee and ankles	CRP: 327 mg/L	RF, ACPA, AAN: negative	HLA-B27: negative	NSAIDs Prednisolone (25 mg daily)	Recovered
Shokraee et al. [21]	58/female	Severe/Interferon β1 Dexamethasone Ceftriaxone	15 /NS	Right hip	CRP: 6.5 mg/L ESR: 45 mm	N.S	N.S	NSAIDs Prednisolone (80 mg)	Recovered within 5 days
Coath et al.[22]	53/male	Mild/None	N.S	Sacroiliac costovertebral and costotransverse joints	CRP: 13 mg/L	NS	HLA-B27: positive	NSAIDs Methylprednisolone 120 mg	Recovered
Danssaert et al. [23]	37/female	Moderate/NS	12/Negative	Wrist,MCP,IP joints/Extensor tendinosis	CRP and ESR within normal limits	RF: negative ANA: speckled	N.S	NSAIDs topical Gabapentin Opioid	Improvement without recovery
Sinaei et al. [24]	8/male	Mild/NS	7/NP	Left hip	ESR: 3 mm CRP: 3.5 mg/L	RF and ANA: negative	N.S	NSAIDs	Recovered within one week
	6/female	Moderate/NS	7/Positive	Knees, wrists, left hip	ESR = 39 mm CRP = 12 mg/L	RF and ANA: negative	N.S	NSAIDs	Recovered within 4 days
Jali et al. [25]	39/female	Moderate/NS	21/Negative	Proximal and distal IP joints of the hands	ESR and CRP within the normal range	RF, ANA and ACPA: negative	N.S	NSAIDs	Recovered
Parisi et al. [26]	58/female	Moderate/Paracetamol	25/Negative	Ankle / Tendinosisof the Achilles tendon	CRP: 7.36 mg/L	RF, ANA, Antiextractable nuclear antigen, Antidouble-strand DNA: negative	N.S	NSAIDs	Clinical recovery within one month
Di-Carlo et al. [27]	55/male	Mild/NS	42/NS Negative 15 days after COVID infection	Right ankle	ESR: 67 mm CRP: 5.6 mg/L	N.S	HLA-B27: negative	Steroid	Recovered
Salvatierra J et al. [28]	16/female	Mild/NS	21/Negative	Dactylitis	NS	RF and ANA negative	HLA B27 negative	NSAIDs	Recovered within 5 days
Kocyigit BF et al. [29]	53/female	Moderate/Favipiravir Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin	41/NS	Knee	CRP:10.8 mg/L	RF,ACPA,ANA negative	HLA B27 negative	NSAIDs	Recovered within 10 days
Ouedraogo F et al. [30]	45/male	Critical/Azithromycin Ceftriaxone Hydroxychloroquine Tocilizumab	48/Negative	Shoulders, Elbow, knee	CRP:187 mg/L ESR:136 mm/h	RF,ACPA:negative	NS	Steroid	Improvement
Gasparotto et al. [31]	60/male	Severe/Azithromycin CeftriaxoneHydroxychloroquine	32/Negative	Ankle, knee, hip	CRP:237 mg/L ESR:111 mm/h	RF, ACPA, ANA:negative	HLA B27 negative	NSAIDs	Recovered within 40 days of NSAIDs Follow up of 6 months
Apaydin H et al. [32]	37/male	Mild/Hydroxychloroquine	9/ Positive	Wrists, knees,ankles, elbows,MTP	CRP:117 mg/L ESR:63 mm/h	RF,ACPA,ANA: negative	HLA B27 positive	Methylprednisolone 16 mg/day	Persistant arthralgia 1 month later Initiation of Sulfasalazine
Yokogawa N et al.[33]	57/male	Moderate/No specific treatment	17 / Positive	Wrist, Shoulder, the bilateral knees	CRP:48 mg/L	RF,ACPA,ANA:negative	N.S	N.S	Spontaneous reolution after 10 days
Ghauri M et al. [34]	34/male	Mild/AzithromycinZincMultivitamin	16 /NS	Knee	N.S	N.S	N.S	NSAIDs IASI	Recoverd within 10 days
Colatutto et al. [35]	58/female	Mild/Azithromycin Hydroxychloroqine	28/ Negative	Shoulders, Sacroiliac	Normal	ANA,RF:negative	HLA-B8 and B57 positive HLA-B27 negative	NSAIDs	Persistance of sacroiliac joint pain at 7 months
	53/female	Mild/Azithromycin Hydroxychloroqine	15/ Negative	Sacroiliac	CRP:19 mg/L	ANA,RF:negative	N.S	NSAIDs	Recovered (9 months of follow-up)
El Hasbani et al. [36]	25/male	Mild/NS	19/ Negative	Left ankle, right elbow, low back pain, sacroiliac	CRP: 207 mg/dL	RF,ACPA,ANA:negative	HLA-B27 positive	NSAIDs Prednisolone (40 mg daily) Sulfasalazine	Improvement within 1 month
	57/male	Mild/NS	30/ Negative	Left wrist Synovial thickening of the common extensor bursa	CRP: 28.9 mg/dL	RF,ACPA,ANA:negative	HLA-B27 positive	NSAIDs Prednisolone (30 mg daily)	Rapid improvement within 2 weeks

RF rheumatoid factor, ACPA anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, ANA antinuclear antibodies, NS not specified, NP not performed, MCP metacarpophalangeal joints, MTP metatarsophalangeal joints, IP interphalangeal joints, CRP C-reactive protein, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HLA human leucocyte antigen, NSAIDs non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, IASIintra articular steroid injection

^aSymptoms of COVID-19 infection were collected and severity was classified as: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and critical