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Roles of cytokines and signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Cytokines and growth factors have been secreted in the bone marrow microenvironment such as IL‐6, IGF‐1, BAFF, APRIL, TNF‐α, and VEGF. These soluble factors activate signaling pathways, including the NF‐κB pathway, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, JAK/STAT pathway, and MAPK pathway, which regulate the survival, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, adhesion, and drug resistance of myeloma cells
