FIGURE 1.

Dapagliflozin decreased oxygen consumption and suppressed intracellular hypoxia in HK-2 cells. A, The self-reference electrode. The system is set up on top of a spinning disk confocal microscope. B, Self-referencing electrode positioned next to a single HK-2 cell. C, Group data for basal respiration levels of single HK-2 cells in hypoxic and normoxia conditions (control) and HK-2 cells treated with 100 μmol/L dapagliflozin 24 hours in the same conditions. D, Immunofluorescence analysis of human HE4 and pimonidazole in HK-2 cells. HK-2 cells were grown on cover slides and then treated for 24 hours. Hypoxia induced the nuclear expression of HE4 in HK-2 cells, and dapagliflozin (100 μmol/L) inhibited the expression. Hypoxia in HK-2 cells was detected with pimonidazole hydrochloride. Dapagliflozin increased cellular oxygen levels in these cells under hypoxic conditions by decreasing oxygen consumption rate. The nuclei were stained with 4,6-diamino-2-phenyl indole (DAPI). Scale bars, 50 μm for all groups. Values are means ± SD. *P < 0.05. n = 5 in each group.