Table 5. Univariate and multivariable regression models (accounting for clustering and competing risk of death) for variables associated with intensive care for patients with individual patient data with any neurological disease, and for those with cerebrovascular events and encephalopathy1,2,3.
| Variable | Category | All neurological disease: univariate | All neurological disease: multivariable | Encephalopathy: univariate | Encephalopathy: multivariable | Cerebrovascular events: univariate | Cerebrovascular events: multivariable | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Age 3 | 0–20 years | 2.13 (0.76–5.97) | <0.0001 | 2.16 (0.85–5.49) | 0.053 | 1.56 (0.62–3.93) | <0.0001 | 1.33 (0.44–4.03) | 0.0008 | No events | No events | ||
| 21–49 years | Reference category | Reference category | Reference category | ||||||||||
| 50–59 years | 1.52 (1.21–1.92) | .. | 1.31 (0.87–1.97) | .. | 1.38 (0.9–2.11) | .. | 1.29 (0.64–2.62) | .. | 1.02 (0.62–1.67) | 0.053 | 0.82 (0.49–1.4) | 0.36 | |
| 60–69 years | 1.5 (1.06–2.11) | .. | 1.41 (0.93–2.13) | .. | 0.94 (0.62–1.43) | .. | 0.97 (0.49–1.89) | .. | 1.07 (0.66–1.76) | .. | 0.89 (0.48–1.68) | .. | |
| 70–79 years | 0.83 (0.51–1.35) | .. | 1.19 (0.76–1.86) | .. | 0.4 (0.23–0.7) | .. | 0.69 (0.31–1.55) | .. | 0.78 (0.46–1.31) | .. | 0.88 (0.48–1.6) | .. | |
| ≥ 80 years | 0.24 (0.1–0.54) | .. | 0.55 (0.29–1.07) | .. | 0.11 (0.05–0.25) | .. | 0.26 (0.1–0.66) | .. | 0.27 (0.11–0.67) | .. | 0.37 (0.13–1.03) | .. | |
| Sex at birth | Male | 1.28 (1.04–1.58) | 0.02 | 1.31 (1.03–1.66) | 0.03 | 1.24 (0.92–1.67) | 0.16 | 1.36 (0.94–1.98) | 0.11 | 1.22 (0.86–1.74) | 0.27 | 1.1 (0.73–1.66) | 0.66 |
| Chronic cardiac disease | Yes | 0.62 (0.41–0.95) | 0.03 | 0.73 (0.52–1.04) | 0.08 | 0.45 (0.26–0.78) | 0.004 | 1.03 (0.71–1.49) | 0.87 | 0.72 (0.39–1.34) | 0.3 | 0.58 (0.35–0.98) | 0.04 |
| Diabetes mellitus | Yes | 1.24 (0.99–1.56) | 0.07 | 1.43 (1.07–1.9) | 0.01 | 1.16 (0.86–1.56) | 0.34 | 0.9 (0.63–1.28) | 0.55 | 1.05 (0.78–1.43) | 0.74 | 1.41 (0.99–2.02) | 0.06 |
| Obesity | Yes | 2.42 (1.79–3.27) | <0.0001 | 1.31 (0.97–1.77) | 0.08 | 3.05 (1.9–4.89) | <0.0001 | 1.67 (1.07–2.61) | 0.03 | 1.72 (1.03–2.87) | 0.04 | 0.9 (0.63–1.27) | 0.55 |
| Chronic neurological disease 4 | Yes | 0.89 (0.52–1.54) | 0.69 | 0.91 (0.64–1.29) | 0.59 | 1 (0.51–1.97) | 1 | 0.94 (0.62–1.44) | 0.79 | 1.12 (0.6–2.1) | 0.72 | 1.47 (0.76–2.84) | 0.25 |
| Dementia | Yes | 0.78 (0.36–1.68) | 0.52 | 2.33 (1.58–3.43) | <0.0001 | 0.53 (0.22–1.29) | 0.16 | 1.68 (1.08–2.6) | 0.02 | 1.38 (0.84–2.25) | 0.2 | 2.05 (1.31–3.2) | 0.002 |
| Anti-platelet use prior to admission | Yes | 1.09 (0.76–1.55) | 0.65 | 1.09 (0.81–1.46) | 0.58 | 0.89 (0.57–1.4) | 0.62 | 0.96 (0.66–1.41) | 0.85 | 0.93 (0.66–1.32) | 0.69 | 1.08 (0.7–1.66) | 0.73 |
| Breathlessness on admission to hospital | Yes | 1.93 (1.33–2.79) | 0.001 | 1.88 (1.25–2.83) | 0.002 | 1.95 (1.11–3.44) | 0.02 | 2.26 (1.34–3.81) | 0.002 | 1.68 (1.11–2.55) | 0.01 | 1.46 (0.85–2.49) | 0.17 |
| Cough on admission to hospital | Present | 1.55 (1.09–2.21) | 0.02 | 0.92 (0.63–1.34) | 0.66 | 1.51 (1.02–2.24) | 0.04 | 0.93 (0.62–1.39) | 0.71 | 1.55 (0.9–2.65) | 0.11 | 1.05 (0.65–1.69) | 0.85 |
| Initial blood lymphocyte count | ≥1 x10^9/L | 1.06 (0.72–1.56) | 0.76 | 1.07 (0.81–1.39) | 0.65 | 1.17 (0.67–2.04) | 0.57 | 0.93 (0.64–1.36) | 0.71 | 1.2 (0.85–1.69) | 0.29 | 1.07 (0.81–1.42) | 0.64 |
| Initial serum CRP concentration | ≥10 mg/L | 1.02 (0.59–1.75) | 0.95 | 1.56 (1.05–2.31) | 0.03 | 1.1 (0.48–2.51) | 0.82 | 2.18 (1.09–4.38) | 0.03 | 1.33 (0.87–2.05) | 0.19 | 1.42 (0.97–2.06) | 0.07 |
| Initial blood D-dimer concentration 3 | <500 ng/mL | Reference category | Reference category | Reference category | |||||||||
| 500–3000 ng/mL | 1.29 (0.76–2.19) | 0.13 | 1.91 (1.29–2.84) | 0.0004 | 1.4 (0.7–2.81) | 0.6 | 2.12 (1.31–3.43) | 0.003 | 1.18 (0.72–1.94) | 0.04 | 1.39 (0.8–2.42) | 0.5 | |
| ≥3000 ng/mL | 1.88 (0.98–3.59) | .. | 2.34 (1.53–3.59) | .. | 1.65 (0.62–4.39) | .. | 2.33 (1.42–3.82) | .. | 2 (1.14–3.49) | .. | 1.51 (0.73–3.1) | .. | |
| Anticoagulation use during admission | Yes | 1.5 (1.05–2.16) | 0.03 | 1.59 (1.02–2.47) | 0.04 | 1.38 (0.92–2.05) | 0.12 | 1.53 (0.78–3.02) | 0.22 | 1.33 (0.89–1.97) | 0.16 | 1.18 (0.75–1.87) | 0.48 |
| Corticosteroid use during admission | Yes | 2.48 (1.67–3.67) | <0.0001 | 1.87 (1.32–2.63) | 0.0004 | 2.79 (1.55–5.02) | 0.0006 | 1.76 (1.08–2.84) | 0.02 | 1.83 (1.21–2.77) | 0.004 | 1.73 (1.16–2.57) | 0.007 |
| World Bank income group3, 5 | Low- or Lower-middle income | 2.82 (1.85–4.31) | <0.0001 | 1.9 (1.19–3.05) | 0.03 | 4.1 (2.4–6.99) | <0.0001 | 2.15 (1.21–3.79) | 0.02 | 3.55 (1.98–6.35) | <0.0001 | 2.56 (1.6–4.1) | <0.0001 |
| Upper-middle income | 0.96 (0.4–2.27) | .. | 1.59 (0.73–3.45) | .. | 1.36 (0.51–3.64) | .. | 0.86 (0.3–2.49) | .. | 2.35 (0.94–5.87) | .. | 3.43 (1.86–6.3) | .. | |
| High-income | Reference category | Reference category | Reference category | ||||||||||
| World Health Organization region3, 5 | African / Eastern Mediterranean | 1.45 (0.55–3.8) | 0.69 | 2.2 (1.26–3.85) | 0.03 | 2.1 (1.03–4.28) | 0.007 | 1.03 (0.41–2.57) | 0.0003 | 3.29 (1.55–6.99) | 0.0008 | 2.58 (1.24–5.36) | 0.002 |
| Americas | 1.56 (0.65–3.73) | .. | 0.94 (0.4–2.19) | .. | 2.38 (1–5.66) | .. | 0.88 (0.38–2.01) | .. | 1.41 (0.47–4.24) | .. | 0.76 (0.27–2.13) | .. | |
| South East Asia / Western Pacific | 1.39 (0.76–2.56) | .. | 1.42 (0.9–2.24) | .. | 3.76 (1.75–8.11) | .. | 2.8 (1.7–4.61) | .. | 1.08 (0.41–2.87) | .. | 0.72 (0.35–1.48) | .. | |
| European | Reference category | Reference category | Reference category | ||||||||||
CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio. CRP = C-reactive protein
1. Variables found to be significant at a p-value cut-off of 0.05 are in bold type.
2. Categories containing fewer than 10 patients were not included in the analysis model for that variable.
3. Variables with multiple categories have pre-defined reference categories against which other categories are compared.
4. Excluding dementia but including cerebrovascular disease.
5. For the purposes of analysis data from the WHO Southeast Asia and Western Pacific Regions were pooled, as were data from the Eastern Mediterranean and African regions; similarly, data from World Bank low and low-middle income countries were pooled. This was pre-defined in the statistical analysis plan, prior to performing the analyses.