Table 7.

Associations between HLA and COVID-19.

Population	Study design	Sample size	Serotype, allele, SNP, or haplotype	Type of association	Ref.
European	Case-control	49 severe COVID-19 patients and 69 asymptomatic COVID-19 patients	HLA-DRB1∗04:01	Protection against disease severity	[79]
Japanese	Case-control	73 severe COVID-19 patients and 105 nonsevere COVID-19 patients	HLA-DRB1∗09:01	Risk of severe COVID-19	[80]
Italian	Case-control	99 severe COVID-19 patients and 1,017 healthy controls	HLA-B∗27:07, HLA-DQB1∗06:02, and HLA-DRB1∗15:01	Risk of severe COVID-19	[81]
Russian	Case-control	111 deceased patients with confirmed COVID-19 and 428 healthy controls	HLA-A∗01:01, HLA-A∗02:01, and HLA-A∗03:01	Early COVID-19 deaths	[84]