. 2021 Nov 24;20(1):65–77. doi: 10.1007/s40201-021-00756-0

Table 4.

Non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals via various exposure pathways

Exposure pathways	Proportion	Pb	Zn	Fe	Cu	Ni
Diet	Measure	0.146665	0.001027	0.000274	0.012164	0.013605
Diet	Percentage	99.81%	99.75%	99.48%	99.79%	99.83%
Ingestion of soil	Measure	0.000243	2.36E-06	1.41E-06	2.46E-05	2.11E-05
Ingestion of soil	Percentage	0.16%	0.22%	0.51%	0.20%	0.15%
Inhalation of soil	Measure	1.77E-09	1.73E-11	*	1.79E-10	1.5E-10
Inhalation of soil	Percentage	*	*	*	*	*
Dermal absorption of soil	Measure	1.87E-05	1.37E-07	*	9.51E-07	9.05E-07
Dermal absorption of soil	Percentage	0.01%	0.01%	*	*	*

*: could not be calculated because it was too low