Table 1.

Studies evaluated to extract data on the potential of underutilized Blackjack.

Author	Study site	Year of study	Study design	Findings	Remarks
Medicinal Application
Peter Geissberger and Urs Séquin [2]	Basel, Switzerl and Sample of B. Pilosa was collected from Ukerewe Tanzania	1990	Experimental	Extracts have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities	Though mild antimicrobial activities, the extract can be used as anti-inflammatory agents
Longo et al. [24]	Cameroon	2008	Experiment	Enhancement of labour due to the presence of biologically active compounds which act directly in the uterine muscle	Use of B. Pilosa for labour enhancement
De Avila et al. [25]	Brazil	2015	Experiment	Formulation of B. Pilosa extract for the treatment of intestinal injury in patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy	B. Pilosa can reduce intestinal injury caused by side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Abd El-Ghani [26]	Nigeria	2016	Theoretical	Indigenous vegetable use for medical application in Nigeria, including B. Pilosa, documented	Medical application
Hsu et al. [27]	Taiwan	2009	Experiment	B. Pilosa aqueous extract can control type 2 diabetes	Utilization of B. Pilosa aqueous extract to control type 2 diabetes
Ubillas et al. [28]	USA	2000	Experiment	Aerial part extract of B. Pilosa contain acetylenic glucosides	Utility of aerial part extract to control type 2 diabetes
Liang et al. [29]	-	2016	Experiment	Bioactives in B. Pilosa has antiobesity properties	Use of bioactive from B. Pilosa to control obesity
Chung et al. [30]	-	2016	Experiment	B. Pilosa extract has antibacterial properties	B. Pilosa extract can be used to treat gut bacteria and coccidiosis in chickens
Dimo et al [31]	Cameron	2001	Experiment	Aqueous and methylene chloride extracts of B. Pilosa leaf has antihyperglycemic and antihypertensive activity	Aqueous and methylene chloride extracts of B. Pilosa Leaf can be used to reverse high blood and hyperglycaemia
Dimo et al [32]	Cameron	2002	Experiment	Methanol extract improves masculine sensitivity	Use of methanol extract of B. Pilosa to improve masculine sensitivity
Gavhi et al. [33]	South Africa	2019	Experiment	B. Pilosa extract possesses bioactive with antihypertensive properties	B. Pilosa extract can be used to control blood pressure
Mokganya [34]	South Africa	2019	Survey	B. Pilosa has medicinal value	B. Pilosa has medicinal value, therefore can be used by the local paper
Yang et al. [35]	Taiwan	2006	Experiment	B. Pilosa extract can protect normal human erythrocytes against oxidative damage in vitro	Use of B. Pilosa extract to protect normal human erythrocytes against oxidative damage
Lai et al. [36]	Taiwan	2014	Clinical evaluation (Human)	B. Pilosa formulation exhibited better glycemic control than diabetic drugs	B. Pilosa formulation had better glycemic control than diabetic drugs; therefore, its use in the control of glycemia
Sigh et al	India	2017	Experiment	B. Pilosa extracts have antimicrobial activity against E. Coli and cytotoxic against human epidermoid carcinoma	Use of B. Pilosa as antimicrobial and antitumor activity
Application in Agriculture
Batish et al. [37]	India	2001	Experiment	B. Pilosa can exert inhibitory effect and hence control the development of weeds	The use of B. Pilosa to control other weeds
Tembo et al. [38]	Tanzania and Malawi	2018	Experiment	Safety of botanical pesticides such as bioactive from B. Pilosa	The use of bioactive from B. Pilosa as botanical pesticides
Taffner and Coallegues [39]	Uganda, East Africa	2020	Complementary scrutinises amplicon and isolate libraries	An unusually large core microbiome shared by plants, including procaryotic families such as comamonadaceae, bacillus, sphingobium, pseudomonas, and one archaeon from the soil crenarchaeotic group. Microbiome composition did not differ significantly for plant species but differed for microhabitats. The diversity was, in general, higher for bacteria (27,697 ASVs/H = 6.91) than for archaea (2,995 ASVs/H = 4.91); both groups form a robust network of copiotrophic bacteria and oligotrophic archaea	Indigenous leafy green vegetable crops can better cope with biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, it can properly be used for Plant Growth, Health, and Resilience
Ahmed et al. [40]	Egypt	2021	Field experiment	B. Pilosa extract have insecticidal properties	Use of B. Pilosa extract as insecticides
Nutritional Value of B. P
Yang and Keding [41]	-	2009	Theoretical	B. Pilosa has micronutrient potential as other vegetables such as folate and vitamin B9	Use of B. Pilosa as a supplement for folate and vitamin B9
Faber et al. [42]	South Africa	2010	Qualitative explorative stage (field walks, semi-structured interviews with key informants, focus group discussions)	B. Pilosa, as a wild vegetable, was consumed individually or mixed with other leaves.	Possibility for its application for food in other areas.
Odhavi et al. [43]	South Africa	2007	Experiment	Leafy vegetables including B. Pilosa contain mineral elements (Ca, P, Na, Zn, Mg, Mn and Fe) and antioxidant levels	Offer indication that these traditional vegetables, requiring no formal cultivation, could contribute to improve the nutritional content of rural and urban communities
Singh et al. [44]	India	2013	Theoretical	Availability of indigenous vegetables with nutritional benefits	Indigenous vegetables for food and nutritional security
Manduna and Vibrans [45]	Zimbabwe	2018	A survey using focus group discussion and interview	Availability of indigenous vegetables with nutritional benefits	B. Pilosa is among the preferred wild plant used as vegetables and eaten frequently
Safety of usage of B. P
Liang et al. [46]	Taiwan	2020	Experiment	B. Pilosa has no effects in Mice and Chicken	Indicating its safety for medical application
Other Application of B. Pilosa
Ajayi et al. [47]	Nigeria	2019	Experiment	B. Pilosa has a good property for corrosion inhibition of surfaces made of mild steel in an acidic medium	Use of bioactive from B. Pilosa as a corrosion inhibitor
Alaneme et al. [48]	Nigeria	2016	Experiment	B. Pilosa has a good property for corrosion inhibition of surfaces made of aluminium composites in an acidic medium	Use of bioactive such as tannins and flavonoids from B. Pilosa as a corrosion inhibitor
BP Suppression
George [49]	Zimbabwe	2020	Field experiment	Herbicides used to control B. Pilosa	Synthetic herbicide such as atrazine to control B.P and other weeds
Daba et al. [50]	Ethiopia	2018	Field experiment	inhibitory potential of essential oils extracted from eight locally plants and three inert minerals against common weed species of coffee with an stress on Bidens pilosa	Propose the use of this plant extract to control B. Pilosa and other weeds
Wang et al. [51]	-	2013	Field experiment	Litchi extract can control B. Pilosa as weeds	Propose the use of this plant extract to control B. Pilosa and other weeds