Table 5.

Presents clinical trials conducted using Biden pilosa extracts.

Activity	Method	Result	References
Anticancer	Extract from the whole plant using n-hexane, chloroform and methanol (E1-E3). The extracts were fractioned by column chromatography with ethyl acetate, acetone and water (F1 – F3)	Results show that E1 have notable anticancer activity, and E3 bears maximum antipyretic activity.	[153, 154]
Anti-coccidial	Some of the chickens were affected by E. tenella. Chickens were fed standard daily feed for 21days. The feed contains commercial anti-coccidial agent salinomycin or 0.05%, 0.01% and 0.002% B. pilosa powder.	Compared to the control group, the results show that feeding resulted in a 60% survival rate (100 per cent). Chickens infected with E. tenella and fed salinomycin-containing diet had a 90% survival rate. Infected chickens fed feed with B. pilosa at doses of 0.05 per cent, 0.01 per cent, and 0.002 per cent had survival rates of 100 per cent, 100 per cent, and 60 per cent, respectively. At 100 ppm or higher, B. pilosa causes a decrease in oocyst excretion; gut pathology; prophylactic duration was 3 days.	[155]
Anti-diabetic	Treatment was divided into groups: ranging from 200-800 mg/kg. At the end of week IV, biochemical tests for blood glucose monitoring was conducted; Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST).	Results show Bidens pilosa maintained hypoglycemia for two weeks, and later status was lost. T1DM rats treated with 200 mg/kg indicates better recovery, followed by 400 mg/kg, indicating lower doses are more efficient.	[156]
Antimicrobial	Agar dilution method, with the root of the South African ecotype, methanol: acetone: water extracts	The extracts suppressed all the bacteria and some fungi species, except for water extract	[157]
Antihyportensive	Extracts evaluated aqueous with 150–350 mg/kg; methylene chloride with 150–300 mg/kg; pilosa by use fructose-induced hypertension in rats.	Results show that Bidens pilosa has hypotensive potential whose mechanism of action is not related to insulin sensitivity	[158]