Graphical representation of selected genes that were up-regulated (orange) or down-regulated (blue) in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD; n = 10) when compared to controls (n = 10). There was a significant up-regulation in CCL16, CXCL5, IL-16, and C5 in CKD dogs compared to controls (* p < 0.05). Other genes that were up-regulated (>1.25 fold) are also shown, but they were not statistically significant. Down-regulated genes in CKD included CCL4, CSF1, CX3CL1, IL-7, CXCR5, and FASLG (>−1.25 fold; ns). Data are presented as mean fold change (ΔΔCt) normalized to HPRT1, the housekeeping gene. Fold-change values greater than one indicate an up-regulation. Fold-change values less than one indicate a negative or down-regulation, and the fold-regulation is the negative inverse of the fold-change (Qiagen).