Skip to main content
. 2022 Jun 2;140(7):692–698. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640

Table. Lung Cancer Development by Nutrient Factor and Smoking.

Treatment group No./total No. (%)
Smoker Total events
Never Former Current
Overall 19/1824 (1.04) 74/2097 (3.5) 24/282 (8.5) 117/4203 (2.7)
Lutein/zeaxanthin onlya 5/469 (1.07) 20/501 (3.99) 7/74 (9.46) 32/1044 (3.0)
DHA/EPA onlya 6/451 (1.33) 18/548 (3.28) 8/69 (11.59) 32/1068 (2.9)
Lutein/zeaxanthin and DHA/EPAa 4/494 (0.81) 21/519 (4.05) 6/66 (9.09) 31/1079 (2.8)
Controla 4/410 (0.98) 15/529 (2.84) 3/73 (4.11) 22/1012 (2.2)
Secondary randomization
Beta carotene 6/637 (0.94) 32/711 (4.5) NAb 38/1348 (2.8)
No beta carotene 4/606 (0.66) 17/735 (2.3) NAb 21/1341 (1.5)
Main outcomes: randomization
Lutein/zeaxanthin 9/963 (0.93) 41/1020 (4.02) 13/140 (9.29) 63/2123 (2.9)
No lutein 10/861 (1.16) 33/1077 (3.06) 11/142 (7.75) 54/2080 (2.5)

Abbreviations: DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; NA, not applicable.

a

All participants in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) were offered the AREDS supplement, which contained 15 mg of beta carotene. However, those participants who were current smokers or former smokers who stopped smoking within the year before enrollment were not given the AREDS supplements. They were enrolled if they could be randomized to the secondary randomization that included no beta carotene.

b

Participants who were current smokers or former smokers who stopped smoking within the past year before enrollment were not randomly assigned to beta carotene.