Table 1.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Enrollment of Study Participants

Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
Age ≥ 18 years	Previous brain surgery
BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 or ≥ 35 kg/m2 with a comorbid condition (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia)	Dementia or Mini-Mental State Examination score <25
Failure of bariatric surgery (banding or bypass) determined by modified Reinhold classification because patients who are still >50% over an ideal body weight after technically successful surgery	Unable to fit into MRI or CT scanner (400-lb upper weight limit for CT scanner)
Chronic obesity diagnosed by an eating disorder specialist with expertise in treatment of obesity	Psychiatric disorder, including poorly controlled anxiety disorders, psychosis, bipolar disorder, active substance abuse, somatoform disorders, factious disorders, dissociative disorders, and severe personality disorders, excluding depression and binge eating
Stable at present body weight for 6-month period	Obesity as part of another medical condition, neurological injury, or lesions related to medication side effect or as part of a genetic syndrome
Psychiatric evaluation	Unable to schedule follow-up clinic visits
Karnofsky performance scale score >60	Karnofsky performance scale score <60

BMI, body mass index; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CT, computed tomography.