Table 1. Main Conducting Polymers Processed Employing Different 3D Printing Technologies and Relation of the Printed Materials with the Electrical Properties and Final Applications.

conducting polymer	secondary polymer	conducting filler	3D printing technique	electrical properties	final structure dimension/applications	ref
PEDOT:PSS			inkjet	0.8 kΩ cm–2	2D-3D/electrophysiology	(29)
				0.2–1.8 cd A–1, 20 mA cm–2	LECs, wearable electronics	(31)
			DIW	15–50 S cm–1	3D/sensors and soft electrochemical probes	(60)
				28–155 S cm–1	2D-3D/soft neural probes, wearable electronics	(14,58)
				137 S cm–1	3D/thermoelectric generators	(61)
	PCL-co-TMC:TBABOB		inkjet	1.2 cd A–1, 0.3 lm W1–	3D/LECs	(30)
	EMIM:ES		inkjet	900 S cm–1	3D/biolectronics devices	(15)
	P3HT:PCBM		inkjet	0.0019 A W1–	2D/photodetector	(120)
	P3HT:PCBM	Ag-NWs and ZnO	R2R		2D/solar cells	(75)
	PEGDA		SLA	662–968 Ω sq–1	3D/neural tissue engineering	(97)
				0.055 S cm–1	3D/volatile organic compounds’ adsorbents (VOCs)	(99)
	PEO		EHD	0.8–2.8 kΩ cm–1	3D/wearable electronics	(90)
	PCL		EHD	1.72 × 103 S m–1	3D/cardiac tissue engineering	(91)
	PEGME P(SS-co-TFPMA)		EHD	425–450 S cm–1	2D-3D/organic field-effect transistors (OFETs)	(93)
	PNAGA:PAMPS		DIW	0.2–2.2 S m–1	3D/biosensors and electroactive scaffolds	(63)
	GelMA		DIW		3D/cell-laden structures	(67)
	MC/kCA		DIW	1800–3000 μS cm–1	3D/cell-laden structures	(69)
	cellulose:alginate		DIW	5.7 S m–1	3D/energy storage	(121)
	carboxymethylcellulose		DIW	10.3 S cm–1–0.9 S cm–1	3D/energy storage	(68)
	PVA-Ph		DIW, light based	0.5–3.5 S m–1	3D/sensors, actuators	(65)
		CNT	Screen/shadow mask printing	63 mΩ sq–1	3D/wearable sensors	(115)
	spider silk	SWCNT		1077 S cm–1	3D/electron-tendon	(114)
	PVDF		inkjet	0.2 mA cm–2, 30 cm2 V–1s–1	2D/Stretchable transistors	(116)
		MWCNT	inkjet	6.7 S cm–1	2D/-	(39)
			aerosol-jet	41 μW/mK2, 29 μV K–1, 496 S cm–1	2D/Energy storage wearable devices	(70)
			light-based	0,4 S cm-1	3D/nanorobotics	(100)
		graphene	inkjet	9 kΩ	2D/electrophysiology	(40)
					2D/slectronic skin (eSkin)	(41)
		graphene	aerosol-jet	1080 μF cm–2	2D/wearable power supplies	(102)
			light-based	5.4–23 mF cm–2	2D/wearable electronics	(103)
		Ag-NWs	inkjet	102 mA cm–2	3D/organic solar cells	(42)
		Ag-NWs	R2R	0.5–1.3 Ω sq–1	2D/Electrodes	(71,72)
		Ag	iFP	70 S cm–1	3D/cell-interfaced impedimetric sensor, moisture flow sensor, and noncontact, wearable/portable respiratory sensors	(73)
		Ag and ZnO	R2R	1000 W m–2	2D/solar cells	(74)
PEDOT	Nafion		DIW	3 S cm–1	3D/electrochemical transistors	(59)
	PLA		DIW	1.8–300 μS cm–1	3D scaffolds/tissue engineering	(64)
PPy			inkjet	0.7 S cm–1	2D/eelectronic devices, tissue engineering scaffolds	(44)
	collagen		inkjet	1.1 S cm–1	2D/neural tissue engineering	(45,107)
	PCL		EDH	0.28–1.15 mS cm–1	3D/peripheral neuronal regeneration	(89)
	DCh, PAA		DIW	25–70 S cm–1	3D/human motion detection	(76)
	PLLA		DIW	0.48 S cm–1	3D/electroactive tissue engineering scaffolds	(80)
	PVA		DIW	200 mF cm–2	3D/supercapacitors, wearable storage devices	(81)
	poly(glycerol sebacate):cellulose		DIW	34 mS cm–1	3D/cardiac patches	(77)
	alginate		DIW	4.07–6.33 mS cm–1	3D/tissue engineering	(78)
	alginate-gelatin		DIW	12–16 mS cm–1	3D/cartilage tissue engineering	(79)
		MWCNT	meniscus-guided 3D printing	25 S cm–1	3D/sensing transducers, emitters, and radio frequency inductors	(82)
PANi			inkjet aerosol	480 F g–1	3D/supercapacitors, batteries, biosensors, bioelectrodes	(48)
			EHD	76–755 kΩ	3D/sensors	(94)
	PCL, gelatin, SG5		inkjet	10–3 S cm–1	3D/bone tissue engineering	(49)
	PCL		DIW	0.25 × 10–4 S cm–1	3D/bone tissue engineering	(83)
				6.2 × 10–6 S cm–1	3D/cartilage tissue regeneration	(66)
					3D/tissue engineering	(84)
		graphene	DIW	150–1300 mF cm–2	3D/flexible microsupercapacitors	(85,86)
				238 F g–1	3D/electrodes	(117)
	polyacrylate	graphene	light-based, spray	4 × 10–9 S cm–1	3D/bioelectronics devices	(104)
	polyurethane	graphene	DLP	1.37 × 10–6 S cm–1	3D/biomedical devices	(98)
		Ag-NWs	inkjet	50 Ω sq–1	2D/electrodes	(50)