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. 2022 May 20;13:845591. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.845591

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Copyright © 2022 Cheng, Kang, Che, Su, Sun, Ge, Guo, Lv, Sun, Yang, Li, Li and Cui.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The pharmacological effects of berberine. This schematic drawing shows the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of berberine and its related molecular mechanisms. ROS, reactive oxygen species; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS, initric oxide synthase; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; SIRT1, sirtuin1; FOXO1, forkhead box O1; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; SphK1, sphingosine kinase-1; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate; p-CREB, phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein; NF-κb, nuclear transcription factor kappa B; Aβ, amyloid β; APP, amyloid precursor protein; BACE1, beta-secretase 1; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT, kinase-protein kinase B; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2; JNK, jun amino-terminal kinases.