Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Without any cardiometabolic disease (N = 441,868) | With type 2 diabetes alone (N = 18,224) | With stroke alone (N = 6092) | With CHD alone (N = 20,996) | With CM (N = 6594) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (%) | 192,269 (43.51) | 10,992 (60.32) | 3278 (53.81) | 14,068 (67.00) | 4758 (72.16) |
| Age (years) | 56.03 (8.10) | 59.62 (6.99) | 60.12 (7.05) | 61.71 (6.18) | 62.09 (5.84) |
| Ethnic (%) | |||||
| White | 418,046 (94.61) | 15,615 (85.68) | 5853 (96.08) | 19,923 (94.89) | 5879 (89.16) |
| Mixed | 2623 (0.59) | 128 (0.70) | 21 (0.34) | 79 (0.38) | 39 (0.59) |
| Asian or Asian British | 7361 (1.67) | 1197 (6.57) | 70 (1.15) | 490 (2.33) | 378 (5.73) |
| Black or Black British | 6642 (1.50) | 700 (3.84) | 91 (1.49) | 221 (1.05) | 136 (2.06) |
| Other | 5199 (1.18) | 423 (2.32) | 32 (0.53) | 176 (0.84) | 111 (1.68) |
| “Do not know” or missing | 1997 (0.45) | 161 (0.88) | 25 (0.41) | 107 (0.51) | 51 (0.77) |
| Townsend score | − 1.39 (3.04) | − 0.49 (3.41) | − 0.82 (3.31) | − 0.81 (3.32) | − 0.01 (3.54) |
| Smoking (%) | |||||
| Never smoked | 247,314 (55.97) | 8598 (47.18) | 2689 (44.14) | 8283 (39.45) | 2215 (33.59) |
| Previous smoker | 146,932 (33.25) | 7520 (41.26) | 2444 (40.12) | 10,015 (47.70) | 3376 (51.20) |
| Current smoker | 45,595 (10.32) | 1917 (10.52) | 915 (15.02) | 2530 (12.05) | 930 (14.10) |
| “Do not know” or missing | 2027 (0.46) | 189 (1.04) | 44 (0.72) | 168 (0.80) | 73 (1.11) |
| Drinking (%) | |||||
| Daily or almost daily | 91,273 (20.66) | 2637 (14.47) | 1237 (20.31) | 4282 (20.39) | 1007 (15.27) |
| Three or four times a week | 104,627 (23.68) | 2802 (15.38) | 1118 (18.35) | 4461 (21.25) | 978 (14.83) |
| Once or twice a week | 115,042 (26.04) | 4201 (23.05) | 1506 (24.72) | 5130 (24.43) | 1477 (22.40) |
| One to three times a month | 49,190 (11.13) | 2248 (12.34) | 676 (11.10) | 2101 (10.01) | 734 (11.13) |
| Special occasions only | 48,575 (10.99) | 3430 (18.82) | 817 (13.41) | 2695 (12.84) | 1171 (17.76) |
| Never | 32,269 (7.30) | 2817 (15.46) | 720 (11.82) | 2268 (10.80) | 1199 (18.18) |
| “Do not know” or missing | 892 (0.20) | 89 (0.49) | 18 (0.30) | 59 (0.28) | 28 (0.42) |
| Physical activity (%) | |||||
| Low | 64,171 (14.52) | 3688 (20.24) | 1036 (17.01) | 3441 (16.39) | 1577 (23.92) |
| Moderate | 181,083 (40.98) | 6816 (37.40) | 2218 (36.41) | 7864 (37.45) | 2189 (33.20) |
| High | 110,769 (25.07) | 3565 (19.56) | 1374 (22.55) | 5018 (23.90) | 1216 (18.44) |
| “Do not know” or missing | 85,845 (19.43) | 4155 (22.80) | 1464 (24.03) | 4673 (22.26) | 1612 (24.45) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.11 (4.60) | 31.53 (5.89) | 28.10 (4.77) | 28.83 (4.77) | 31.34 (5.64) |
| HGS (Male, kg) | 42.22 (8.91) | 38.60 (9.25) | 38.80 (9.13) | 39.27 (8.69) | 36.39 (9.19) |
| HGS (Female, kg) | 25.28 (6.35) | 22.88 (6.57) | 22.82 (6.67) | 22.22 (6.39) | 20.90 (6.69) |
| SBP (mmHg) | 137.53 (18.66) | 141.80 (16.95) | 140.01 (18.64) | 138.46 (18.69) | 139.24 (18.74) |
| DBP (mmHg) | 82.37 (10.11) | 82.49 (9.37) | 82.59 (10.05) | 79.74 (10.22) | 79.04 (10.36) |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.47 (0.38) | 1.20 (0.31) | 1.39 (0.37) | 1.27 (0.34) | 1.14 (0.31) |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.65 (0.83) | 2.75 (0.78) | 3.05 (0.88) | 2.90 (0.82) | 2.64 (0.74) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.72 (1.01) | 2.14 (1.20) | 1.73 (0.99) | 1.86 (1.03) | 2.21 (1.28) |
Data were presented as frequency (%) or mean (standard deviation).
Abbreviations: CHD coronary heart disease, CM cardiometabolic multimorbidity, BMI body mass index, HGS handgrip strength, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure