Table 2.
Associations of handgrip strength with the risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity
| Unadjusted model | Adjusted model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | |
| Participants without any cardiometabolic disease at baseline (Participants=441,868 / CM cases=4,701) | ||||
| Q4 (highest) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Q3 | 1.32 (1.21–1.45) | < 0.0001 | 1.08 (0.99–1.19) | 0.0943 |
| Q2 | 1.70 (1.56–1.86) | < 0.0001 | 1.23 (1.13–1.34) | < 0.0001 |
| Q1 (lowest) | 2.41 (2.22–2.62) | < 0.0001 | 1.46 (1.34–1.60) | < 0.0001 |
| Continuous variablea | 1.21 (1.18–1.24) | < 0.0001 | 1.17 (1.14–1.21) | < 0.0001 |
| Participants with type 2 diabetes at baseline (Participants=18,224 / CM cases=3,505) | ||||
| Q4 (highest) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Q3 | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | 0.2774 | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | 0.8936 |
| Q2 | 1.38 (1.26–1.51) | < 0.0001 | 1.15 (1.05–1.26) | 0.0039 |
| Q1 (lowest) | 1.71 (1.56–1.88) | < 0.0001 | 1.35 (1.23–1.49) | < 0.0001 |
| Continuous variable | 1.14 (1.10–1.17) | < 0.0001 | 1.13 (1.09–1.17) | < 0.0001 |
| Participants with stroke at baseline (Participants=6,092 / CM cases=1,258) | ||||
| Q4 (highest) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Q3 | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 0.7725 | 0.97 (0.82–1.13) | 0.6687 |
| Q2 | 1.24 (1.06–1.45) | 0.0068 | 1.06 (0.90–1.24) | 0.4766 |
| Q1 (lowest) | 1.53 (1.30–1.80) | < 0.0001 | 1.23 (1.04–1.46) | 0.0159 |
| Continuous variable | 1.08 (1.02–1.13) | < 0.0001 | 1.10 (1.03–1.16) | 0.0021 |
| Participants with CHD at baseline (Participants=20,996 / CM cases=3,301) | ||||
| Q4 (highest) | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| Q3 | 1.16 (1.05–1.28) | 0.0025 | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | 0.0110 |
| Q2 | 1.24 (1.13–1.37) | < 0.0001 | 1.15 (1.05–1.27) | 0.0045 |
| Q1 (lowest) | 1.42 (1.29–1.57) | < 0.0001 | 1.23 (1.11–1.36) | < 0.0001 |
| Continuous variable | 1.08 (1.04–1.11) | < 0.0001 | 1.09 (1.05–1.13) | < 0.0001 |
Adjusted model was adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol drinking, physical activity, BMI and hypertension
aContinuous variable was represented by per standard deviation (SD) decrease of handgrip strength
Abbreviations: HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, Q1 the first quartile, Q2 the second quartile, Q3 the third quartile, Q4 the last quartile, CHD coronary heart disease, CM cardiometabolic multimorbidity