Fig. 1.

Bolus administration of 2 mg/kg 3,4-DAP reverses clinical signs of botulism and prolongs survival. A Summary of experimental models. B Median ± interquartile ratio (IQR) toxic signs for rats given a single injection of vehicle (black) or 3,4-DAP (pink) at 28 h after challenge with 0.44 ng/kg BoNT/A (2.5 LD₅₀ BoNT/A; n = 4 per group). Toxic signs were monitored at 30 min intervals. Arrow indicates time of injection. (C, D) Median ± IQR toxic signs (C) and survival curves (D) for rats given 15 injections of vehicle (black) or 3,4-DAP (pink) at 90 min intervals, starting 32 h after challenge with 2.5 LD₅₀ BoNT/A (n = 6 per group). Black lines above graphs indicate treatment period during which injections were administered. Specific details on n-values and statistical comparisons for this and subsequent figures are presented in Additional file 5: Table S2