Table 3.

Nanoparticles used in LFA development applied for phytoproducts

Nanoparticles	Color	Detection method	Strength	Weakness
Colloidal gold nanoparticles	Red-pink	Visual observation	Ease of labeling (physical adsorption)	Less color intensity lead to low sensitivity
		Strip reader (quantitative analysis)	Manageable surface	False positive and false negative possibly occur
		Photo analysis software (optional)	Widely used	Performance in red-yellow colored samples is low
			Commercially available
			Ease of in-house synthesis and functionalization
			Stable in various LFA condition
Quantum dots	Depend on the material	Fluorescence strip reader	Ease of labeling (chemical conjugation)	Expensive
		Visual observation (optional/lower sensitivity)	Low photo-bleaching	Fluorescent strip reader needed
			Stable in various LFA condition	Toxic to the environment
			High sensitivity
			Wide range absorption spectra
			Specific emission wavelength
			Photostability
Colloidal carbon	Black	Visual observation	Ease of labeling (physical adsorption)	Performance in black colored samples is low
		Photo analysis software (optional)	Ease of In-house synthesis
			Cost-effective
			Stable in various LFA condition
			Low toxicity
			High contrast results (black and white)