Table 8.
Summary of the LFA used for phytoproduct contaminants analysis
| Analyte | Classification | Format | Reporter molecule | Reading method | Detection range/LOD | Confirmation method | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tebuconazole | Fungicide | Competitive | Quantum dots | Visual observation; Fluorescent strip reader | 0.02–1.25 ng/mL | LC/MS–MS | [81] |
| Prometryn | Herbicide | Competitive | Colloidal gold nanoparticles | Visual observation | 1 ng/mL | icELISA; LC/MS–MS | [128] |
| Forchlorfenuron | Phytoregulator | Competitive | Carbon nanoparticles | Photo analysis software | 89 ng/L in buffer, 33.4 mg/kg in kiwi and grapes | icELISA; HPLC–UV | [88] |
| 6-Benzylaminopurine | Phytoregulator | Competitive | Colloidal gold nanoparticles | Visual observation | 10 ng/g | Not mentioned | [129] |
| Imidaclothiz | Insecticide | Competitive | Colloidal gold nanoparticles combined with fluorescent-peptide tracer | Visual observation; Photo analysis software | 8.00 ng/mL | HPLC–UV | [130] |
| Carbofuran | Insecticide | Competitive | Colloidal gold nanoparticles | Membrane strip reader | 1 ng/mL | icELISA | [131] |
| Carbofuran, isoprocarb, carbaryl | Insecticide | Competitive | Colloidal gold nanoparticles | Membrane strip reader | carbofuran, isocarb, and carbaryl limit of quantification is 0.05 ng/mL, 31.3 ng/mL, and 31.3 ng/mL, respectively | Not mentioned | [132] |
| Parathion and triazophos | Insecticide | Competitive | Colloidal gold nanoparticles | Visual observation | The detection limits for parathion and triazophos were 0.1 µg/mL and 0.05 µg/mL, respectively | GC | [133] |
| Atrazine | Herbicide | Competitive | Colloidal gold nanoparticles | Visual observation | 12.5 ng/mL (Salviae miltiorrhizae radix et rhizome), 12.5 ng/mL (Astragali radix), and 6.25 ng/mL (Isatidis radix) | dcELISA; LC–MS/MS | [134] |