Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Plausible range of effect size of bias in the population average ITT effect, the natural direct effect, the natural indirect effect, and the treatment-by-mediator interaction effect, due to unmeasured pretreatment confounding. Each blue dashed line indicates the mean of plausible bias values in effect size for the corresponding effect.
