Figure 1.

Fabrication of Ce6 and GemE coloaded glycosylated nanocarriers and their in vitro targeting and therapeutic effects for bladder cancer treatment. A) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of Ce6 and GemE coloaded glycosylated nanocarriers. B) TEM and HRTEM images of Ce6 and GemE coloaded glycosylated nanocarrier, 50GCG. C) Schematic illustration of the mechanism of Ce6 and GemE coloaded glycosylated carrier for a synergistic combination of PDT and chemotherapy because of PCI effect. D) Flow cytometry analysis of cellular uptake of Ce6‐loaded DSPE‐PEG glycosylated carriers with different percentages of DSPE‐PEG‐Glu (as indicated by the number in the sample name) after 2 h incubation. UMUC3 viability after 2 h incubation with 50GCG, 50GC, 0GCG, 0GC, and free Ce6 E) without and F) with 660 nm laser irradiation (250 mW cm⁻²) for 5 min. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). G) CI versus Fa plot of 50GCG with 660 nm laser irradiation against UMUC3 cells. CI values were calculated using the cell viability results obtained with 50GCG with and without light irradiation and 50GC with light irradiation.