Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study sample.
| Variables |
Total (n = 9,187) |
Pesticide unexposed (n = 8,276) |
Pesticide exposed (n = 911) |
P -value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n (%) | 0.898 | |||
| Female | 5,705 (62.1) | 5,137 (62.1) | 568 (62.3) | |
| Male | 3,482 (37.9) | 3,139 (37.9) | 343 (37.7) | |
| Age (years) | 51.9 ± 17.7 | 51.7 ± 17.7 | 53.7 ± 17.4 | 0.002 |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 1,404 (15.3) | 1,252 (15.1) | 152 (16.7) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 3,314 (36.1) | 3,014 (36.4) | 300 (32.9) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2,081 (22.7) | 1,835 (22.2) | 246 (27) | |
| Other Hispanic | 974 (10.6) | 869 (10.5) | 105 (11.5) | |
| Other races | 1,414 (15.4) | 1,306 (15.8) | 108 (11.9) | |
| Poverty income ratio, Median (IQR) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.6) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.7) | 1.6 (1.0, 3.0) | <0.001 |
| Education level, n (%) | 0.149 | |||
| Did not graduate from high school | 2,266 (24.7) | 2,021 (24.4) | 245 (26.9) | |
| Graduated from high school | 2,181 (23.7) | 1,959 (23.7) | 222 (24.4) | |
| College education or above | 4,740 (51.6) | 4,296 (51.9) | 444 (48.7) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.016 | |||
| Married | 4,777 (52.0) | 4,341 (52.5) | 436 (47.9) | |
| Widowed | 933 (10.2) | 829 (10) | 104 (11.4) | |
| Separated | 306 (3.3) | 279 (3.4) | 27 (3) | |
| Never married | 1,537 (16.7) | 1,390 (16.8) | 147 (16.1) | |
| Divorced | 991 (10.8) | 870 (10.5) | 121 (13.3) | |
| Living with partner | 643 (7.0) | 567 (6.9) | 76 (8.3) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.8 ± 7.2 | 29.7 ± 7.2 | 30.1 ± 7.4 | 0.131 |
| Waist circumference, Median (IQR) | 99.0 (88.3, 110.5) | 99.0 (88.2, 110.3) | 99.5 (89.8, 112.0) | 0.133 |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 0.768 | |||
| NO | 3,111 (33.9) | 2,798 (33.8) | 313 (34.4) | |
| YES | 6,076 (66.1) | 5,478 (66.2) | 598 (65.6) | |
| Obesity, n (%) | 0.283 | |||
| No | 4,173 (45.4) | 3,775 (45.6) | 398 (43.7) | |
| Yes | 5,014 (54.6) | 4,501 (54.4) | 513 (56.3) | |
| T2D, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 6,296 (68.5) | 5,724 (69.2) | 572 (62.8) | |
| Yes | 2,891 (31.5) | 2,552 (30.8) | 339 (37.2) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.085 | |||
| Never smoker | 6,272 (68.3) | 5,679 (68.6) | 593 (65.1) | |
| Former smoker | 1,694 (18.4) | 1,513 (18.3) | 181 (19.9) | |
| Current smoker | 1,221 (13.3) | 1,084 (13.1) | 137 (15) | |
| Work_activity, n (%) | 0.245 | |||
| Light work activity | 5,441 (59.2) | 4,917 (59.4) | 524 (57.5) | |
| Moderate work activity | 2,028 (22.1) | 1,830 (22.1) | 198 (21.7) | |
| Vigorous work activity | 1,718 (18.7) | 1,529 (18.5) | 189 (20.7) | |
| Cotinine (ng/ml), Median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.3) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.5) | <0.001 |
| Kidneys diseases, n (%) | 0.842 | |||
| NO | 8,840 (96.2) | 7,965 (96.2) | 875 (96) | |
| YES | 347 (3.8) | 311 (3.8) | 36 (4) | |
| Total calcium (mmol/L), Median(IQR) | 2.3 (2.3, 2.4) | 2.3 (2.3, 2.4) | 2.3 (2.3, 2.4) | 0.476 |
| Dietary factors | ||||
| Magnesium (mg), Median (IQR) | 253.0 (184.0, 344.0) | 252.0 (184.0, 343.0) | 257.0 (181.5, 349.5) | 0.702 |
| Protein (gm), Median (IQR) | 67.8 (48.3, 94.3) | 67.5 (48.3, 94.0) | 69.5 (47.8, 96.2) | 0.494 |
| Fiber (gm), Median (IQR) | 14.2 (9.2, 20.9) | 14.2 (9.2, 20.8) | 14.2 (9.0, 21.5) | 0.997 |
| Calcium (mg), Median (IQR) | 764.0 (494.0, 1123.0) | 765.0 (495.0, 1121.0) | 743.0 (480.0, 1140.0) | 0.606 |
| Vitamin D (mg), Median (IQR) | 2.9 (1.1, 5.7) | 2.9 (1.1, 5.7) | 2.9 (1.1, 5.7) | 0.865 |
| Antacids, n (%) | 0.241 | |||
| No | 8,879 (96.6) | 7,992 (96.6) | 887 (97.4) | |
| Yes | 308 (3.4) | 284 (3.4) | 24 (2.6) |