Table 1.
Baseline characteristics, cardiovascular treatment, vital signs, laboratory data and clinical outcomes of patients with and without statin treatment prior to hospital admission for COVID-19.
| Variable | All patients (n = 2191) | Without chronic statin treatment (n = 1364) | With chronic statin treatment (n = 827) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics and comorbidities | ||||
| Age (years) | 68,0 ± 17,8 | 64,1 ± 19,4 | 74,4 ± 12,4 | < 0.001 |
| Males (%) | 1,246 (56.9) | 734 (54.2) | 507 (61.3) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 1,150 (52.5) | 567 (41.6) | 583 (70.5) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 486 (22.2) | 184 (13.5) | 302 (33.5) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 942 (43.0) | 183 (13.4) | 759 (91.8) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 239 (10.9) | 120 (8.8) | 119 (14.4) | < 0.001 |
| Obesity (%) | 347 (15.8) | 197 (14.4) | 150 (18.1) | 0,022 |
| Peripheral arterial disease (%) | 181 (8.3) | 35 (2,6) | 146 (17.7) | < 0.001 |
| Ischemic stroke (%) | 171 (7.8) | 66 (4.8) | 105 (12.7) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 183 (8.4) | 26 (1.9) | 157 (19.0) | < 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter (%) | 250 (11.4) | 112 (8.2) | 138 (16.7) | < 0.001 |
| COPD (%) | 217 (9.9) | 104 (7.6) | 113 (13.7) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney diseasea (%) | 166 (7.6) | 70 (5.1) | 96 (11.6) | < 0.001 |
| Cancer (%) | 255 (11.6) | 140 (10.3) | 115 (13.9) | 0,010 |
| Cardiovascular treatment prior to hospital admission | ||||
| Anticoagulation (%) | 283 (12.9) | 126 (9.2) | 157 (19.0) | < 0.001 |
| Antiplatelet agent(%) | 392 (17.9) | 123 (9.0) | 269 (32.5) | < 0.001 |
| ACEI or ARB (%) | 865 (39.5) | 385 (28.2) | 480 (58.0) | < 0.001 |
| Aldosterone antagonist (%) | 87 (4.0) | 31 (2.3) | 56 (6.8) | < 0.001 |
| Sacubitril/valsartan (%) | 12 (0.6) | 1 (0.1) | 11 (1.3) | < 0.001 |
| Beta-blocker (%) | 355 (16.2) | 129 (9.5) | 226 (27.3) | < 0.001 |
| Diuretics (%) | 569 (26.0) | 263 (19.3) | 306 (37.0) | < 0.001 |
| iSGLT-2 (%) | 34 (1.6) | 8 (0.6) | 26 (3.4) | < 0.001 |
| Digoxin (%) | 21 (1.0) | 10 (0.7) | 11 (1.3) | 0,164 |
| First measurement of vital signs | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.1 ± 21.7 | 128,4 ± 21,2 | 130,1 ± 22,3 | 0,091 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 92,7 ± 19,6 | 94,8 ± 20,3 | 89,4 ± 18,0 | < 0.001 |
| First SpO2 (%) | 91,2 ± 6,5 | 91,8 ± 6,0 | 90,2 ± 7,1 | < 0.001 |
| O2 support at time of first saturation (%) | 265 (12.1%) | 146 (10.7%) | 119 (14.4%) | 0,012 |
| First chest x-ray | ||||
| Without pneumonia (%) | 298 (13.8) | 176 (12.9) | 122 (14.8) | 0,506 |
| Unilateral pneumonia (%) | 438 (20.3) | 275 (20.2) | 163 (19.7) | |
| Bilateral pneumonia (%) | 1,422 (65.9) | 889 (65.2) | 533 (64.5) | |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Median GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 74,2 ± 21,6 | 78,1 ± 19,2 | 68,0 ± 23,7 | < 0.001 |
| Haemoglobin median (g/dL) | 13,3 ± 1,8 | 13,5 ± 1,8 | 13,1 ± 1,9 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum ferritin value (ng/dL) | 729 (338-1427) | 707 (313-1421) | 762 (372-1453) | 0,010 |
| Maximum Dimer D value (ng/mL) | 1,170 (600-3,875) | 1,062 (553-3,330) | 1,560 (746-4,407) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum Troponin value (ng/L) | 8.0 (2.8-34.9) | 6.2 (2.5-39.7) | 12.6 (5.2-48.3) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum NT-proBNP value (pg/mL) | 1149 (287-4831) | 874 (178-3651) | 1,722 (440-6254) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum lactate value (mmol/L) | 2,45 ± 1,16 | 2,54 ± 1,24 | 2,36 ± 1,06 | 0,239 |
| Peak AST value (IU/L) | 50 (33-83) | 47 (29-74) | 60 (39-93) | 0,023 |
| Maximum ALT value (IU/L) | 44 (25-87) | 45 (25-91) | 42 (24-78) | 0,276 |
| Maximum LDH value (IU/L) | 372 (299-486) | 365 (294-475) | 383 (308-505) | 0,004 |
| Maximum CPK value (IU/L) | 113 (66-230) | 90 (50-186) | 122 (77-251) | < 0.001 |
| Lowest value of prothrombin activity (%) | 79,4 ± 24,5 | 81,5 ± 23,8 | 75,9 ± 25,3 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum fibrinogen value (mg/dL) | 862,5 ± 264,1 | 841,9 ± 269,6 | 896,3 ± 251,4 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum CRP value (mg/L) | 124.6 (58.0-214.4) | 117.1 (51.6-207.8) | 140.2 (69.7-223.9) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum IL-6 value (pg/mL) | 58.1 (17.9-373.0) | 50.7 (18.1-330.0) | 72.7 (17.6-373.0) | 0,040 |
| Specific treatment for COVID-19 | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine (%) | 1,997 (91.2) | 1,236 (90.6) | 761 (92.0) | 0,262 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir (%) | 307 (14.0) | 193 (14.2) | 114 (13.8) | 0,812 |
| Azithromycin (%) | 1,252 (57.1) | 783 (57.4) | 469 (56.7) | 0,750 |
| Tocilizumab (%) | 223 (10.2) | 133 (9.8) | 90 (10.9) | 0,396 |
| Glucocorticoids (%) | 435 (19.9) | 240 (17.6) | 195 (23.6) | < 0.001 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||
| Acute heart failure (%) | 76 (3.5) | 34 (2.5) | 42 (5.1) | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary embolism (%) | 73 (3.3) | 45 (3.3) | 28 (3.4) | 0,913 |
| Thrombotic eventb (%) | 112 (5.1) | 63 (4.6) | 49 (5.9) | 0,178 |
| Any bleeding (%) | 86 (3.9) | 49 (3.6) | 37 (4.5) | 0,294 |
| Major bleedingc (%) | 22 (1.0) | 10 (0.7) | 12 (1.5) | 0,102 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter during admission (%) | 83 (3.8) | 31 (2.3) | 52 (6.3) | < 0.001 |
| Ventricular arrhythmias during admission (%) | 11 (0.5) | 7 (0.5) | 4 (0.5) | 1.000 |
| Critical care admission (%) | 177 (8.1) | 93 (6.8) | 84 (10.2) | 0,004 |
| Mechanic ventilation (%) | 169 (7.7) | 86 (6.4) | 83 (10.2) | < 0.001 |
| Death (%) | 597 (27.3) | 303 (22.2) | 294 (35.5) | < 0.001 |
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SpO2: oxygen saturation; O2: oxygen; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP: N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; CPK: creatine phosphokinase; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6 interleukin 6.
Values express n (%) for qualitative variables or mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables based on the characteristics of the distribution.
Chronic kidney disease was defined as a GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for three months or more.
Thrombotic event was defined as the incidence of stroke, acute coronary syndrome, acute arterial ischemia in lower limbs, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism.
Indicates major bleeding according to the TIMI classification.