Table 3.
Baseline characteristics, cardiovascular treatment, vital signs, laboratory data and clinical outcomes of patients according to withdrawal or non-withdrawal of statins during hospital admission by COVID-19.
| Variable | All patients with chronic statin treatment (n = 827) | Statins withdrawn on admission (n = 456) | Statins maintained at admission (n = 371) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics and comorbidities | ||||
| Age (years) | 74.4 ± 12.4 | 75.1 ± 12.7 | 73.6 ± 11.9 | 0.081 |
| Male (%) | 507 (61.3) | 277 (60.8) | 230 (62.0) | 0.714 |
| Hypertension (%) | 583 (70.5) | 325 (71.3) | 258 (69.5) | 0.560 |
| Diabetes (%) | 302 (36.5) | 176 (38.6) | 126 (34.0) | 0.119 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 759 (91.8) | 437 (95.8) | 322 (86.8) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 119 (14.4) | 64 (14.0) | 55 (14.8) | 0.748 |
| Obesity (%) | 150 (18.1) | 78 (7.1) | 72 (19.4) | 0.393 |
| Peripheral arterial disease (%) | 146 (17.7) | 79 (17.3) | 67 (18.1) | 0.795 |
| Ischemic stroke (%) | 105 (12.7) | 65 (14.3) | 40 (10.8) | 0.136 |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 157 (19.0) | 79 (17.3) | 78 (21.0) | 0.183 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter (%) | 138 (16.7) | 72 (15.8) | 66 (17.8) | 0.443 |
| COPD (%) | 113 (13.7) | 64 (14.0) | 49 (13.2) | 0.730 |
| Chronic kidney diseasea (%) | 96 (11.6) | 57 (12.5) | 39 (10.5) | 0.375 |
| Cancer (%) | 115 (13.9) | 72 (15.8) | 43 (11.6) | 0.083 |
| Cardiovascular treatment prior to hospital admission | ||||
| Anticoagulation (%) | 157 (19.0) | 76 (16.7) | 81 (21.8) | 0.056 |
| Antiplatelet agent(%) | 269 (32.5) | 154 (33.8) | 115 (31.0) | 0.397 |
| ACEI or ARB (%) | 480 (58.0) | 268 (58.8) | 212 (57.1) | 0.637 |
| Aldosterone antagonist (%) | 56 (6.8) | 29 (6.4) | 27 (7.3) | 0.601 |
| Sacubitril/valsartan (%) | 11 (1.3) | 5 (1.1) | 6 (1.6) | 0.555 |
| Beta-blocker (%) | 226 (27.3) | 116 (25.4) | 110 (29.7) | 0.177 |
| Diuretic (%) | 306 (37.0) | 157 (34.4) | 149 (40.2) | 0.090 |
| iSGLT-2 (%) | 26 (3.1) | 14 (3.1) | 12 (3.2) | 0.893 |
| Digoxin (%) | 11 (1.3) | 5 (1.1) | 6 (1.6) | 0.555 |
| First measurement of vital signs | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 130.1 ± 22.3 | 130.1 ± 22.5 | 130.1 ± 22.1 | 0.995 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 89.4 ± 18.0 | 89.7 ± 17.6 | 89.1 ± 18.5 | 0.681 |
| First SpO2 (%) | 90.2 ± 7.1 | 90.0 ± 6.9 | 90.5 ± 7.4 | 0.293 |
| O2 support at time of first saturation (%) | 119 (14.4) | 58 (12.7) | 61 (16.4) | 0.154 |
| First chest x-ray | ||||
| Without pneumonia (%) | 122 (14.8) | 64 (14.0) | 58 (15.6) | |
| Unilateral pneumonia (%) | 163 (19.7) | 102 (22.4) | 61 (16.4) | 0.094 |
| Bilateral pneumonia (%) | 533 (64.5) | 284 (62.3) | 249 (67.1) | |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Median GFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 68.0 ± 23.7 | 66.8 ± 24.3 | 69.4 ± 22.9 | 0.125 |
| Median haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.1 ± 1.9 | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 12.9 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum ferritin value (ng/dL) | 816 (391-1482) | 699 (311-1297) | 971 (508-1573) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum D-dimer value (ng/mL) | 1.629 (761-4.989) | 1.383 (682-4.030) | 1912 (809-10.400) | 0.003 |
| Maximum Troponin value (ng/L) | 14.0 (5.3-59.5) | 8.6 (4.2-30.8) | 20.4 (5.9-91.6) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum NT-proBNP value (pg/mL) | 1857 (513-6984) | 1952 (513-6254) | 1.762 (499-7.917) | 0.991 |
| Maximum lactate value (mmol/L) | 2.36 ± 1.06 | 2.54 ± 1.20 | 2.20 ± 0.91 | 0.087 |
| Maximum AST value (IU/L) | 52 (35-87) | 49 (31-82) | 55 (38-95) | 0.002 |
| Maximum ALT value (IU/L) | 43 (24-79) | 40 (23-69) | 46 (28-88) | < 0.001 |
| Maximum LDH value (IU/L) | 386.5 (312.0-512.0) | 370.5 (302.5-492.9) | 406.5 (332.0-528.0) | 0.002 |
| Maximum CPK value (IU/L) | 122 (69-277) | 116 (69-229) | 132 (69-342) | 0.035 |
| Lowest prothrombin activity value (%) | 75.9 ± 25.3 | 77.5 ± 24.6 | 74.1 ± 26.1 | 0.062 |
| Maximum fibrinogen value (mg/dL) | 896.3 ± 251.4 | 883.9 ± 251.1 | 911.2 ± 251.3 | 0.124 |
| Maximum CRP value (mg/L) | 145.3 (71.4-228.0) | 140.4 (71.6-219.1) | 149.3 (70.2-240.1) | 0.134 |
| Maximum IL-6 value (pg/mL) | 75.9 (18.6-409.5) | 79.6 (18.8-404.5) | 69.9 (18.6-426.5) | 0.119 |
| Specific treatment for COVID-19 | ||||
| Hydroxychloroquine (%) | 761 (92.0) | 405 (88.8) | 356 (96.0) | < 0.001 |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir (%) | 114 (13.8) | 74 (16.2) | 40 (10.8) | 0.024 |
| Azithromycin (%) | 469 (56.7) | 238 (52.2) | 231 (62.3) | 0.004 |
| Tocilizumab (%) | 90 (10.9) | 41 (9.0) | 49 (13.2) | 0.053 |
| Glucocorticoids (%) | 195 (23.6) | 94 (20.6) | 101 (27.2) | 0.026 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||
| Acute heart failure (%) | 42 (5.1) | 28 (6.1) | 14 (3.8) | 0.123 |
| Pulmonary embolism (%) | 28 (3.4) | 7 (1.5) | 21 (5.7) | < 0.001 |
| Thrombotic eventb (%) | 49 (5.9) | 15 (3.3) | 34 (9.2) | < 0.001 |
| Any bleeding (%) | 37 (4.5) | 13 (2.9) | 24 (6.5) | 0.010 |
| Major bleedingc (%) | 12 (1.5) | 1 (0.2) | 11 (3.0) | 0.002 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter during admission (%) | 52 (6.3) | 26 (5.7) | 26 (7.0) | 0.441 |
| Ventricular arrhythmias during admission (%) | 4 (0.5) | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.5) | 1.000 |
| Admission to critical care (%) | 84 (10.2) | 29 (6.4) | 55 (14.8) | < 0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation (%) | 83 (10.0) | 29 (6.4) | 50 (14.6) | < 0.001 |
| Death (%) | 294 (35.6) | 167 (36.6) | 127 (34.2) | 0.469 |
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; SGLT2i: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SpO2: oxygen saturation; O2: oxygen; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP: N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; CPK: creatine phosphokinase; CRP: C-reactive protein; IL-6 interleukin 6.
Values express n (%) for qualitative variables or mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables based on the characteristics of the distribution.
Chronic kidney disease was defined as a GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for three months or more.
Thrombotic event was defined as the incidence of stroke, acute coronary syndrome, acute arterial ischemia in lower limbs, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism.
Indicates major bleeding according to the TIMI classification.