Table 1. Characteristics of the study participants (N = 379).

		Snakebite Victims n (%)	Controls n (%)	P-value
Demographics and Functional limitations		193 (50.9)	186 (49.1)
Region	Ashanti Upper West	36 (18.7) 157 (81.3)	20 (10.8) 166 (89.2)	0.030*
Gender	Male Female	95 (49.2) 98 (50.8)	86 (46.2) 100 (53.8)	0.561*
Age (years)	Median (IQR)	37 (26.5–52.0)	36 (26.0–53.5)	0.896 Ϫ
Level of education	No education Primary education Secondary education Tertiary education	112 (58.0) 53 (27.5) 25 (13.0) 3 (1.6)	99 (53.2) 33 (17.7) 34 (18.3) 20 (10.8)	0.003 Φ
Occupation	Farmer Trader Other Student/Not employed	131 (67.9) 15 (7.8) 14 (7.3) 33 (17.1)	108 (58.1) 18 (9.7) 24 (12.9) 36 (19.4)	0.163*
Observed sequela ⸭	No Yes	157 (81.3) 36 (18.7)	177 (95.2) 9 (4.8)	<0.001 *
Type of sequela observed	Amputation Scar tissue Joint deformities Vision impairment Hemiparesis Swelling/oedema Other Multiple signs No sequela	3 (1.6) 17 (8.8) 7 (3.6) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 2 (1.0) 2 (1.0) 4 (2.1) 157 (81.3)	0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (1.1) 2 (1.1) 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) 3 (1.6) 0 (0.0) 177 (95.2)	<0.001 ϰ
Participant reported impaired joint function	Back Shoulders Wrist Hand/fingers Knee Ankle Multiple joints No joint impairment	0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (1.6) 10 (5.2) 1 (0.5) 5 (2.6) 0 (0.0) 174 (90.2)	1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 2 (1.1) 180 (96.8)	0.001 ϰ

* Pearson Chi-Square test

^Ϫ Mann–Whitney U test

^Φ Linear-by-Linear Association

^ϰ Fisher’s Exact test

^⸭Observed sequelae due to snakebite or earlier disease or trauma