Table 2.
Crude and adjusted risk factors for malaria parasitaemia in Togo children
| Factors | Positive malaria test* (n = 841) | Negative malaria test* (n = 2131) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | |||
| Health region | ||||
| Lomé Commune | 43 (7.0) | 573 (93.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Maritime | 166 (31.3) | 365 (68.7) | 6.9 (4.5–11.1) | 2.0 (1.1–3.6) |
| Plateaux | 360 (47.1) | 404 (52.9) | 13.7 (8.9–21.8) | 4.2 (2.4–7.6) |
| Centrale | 57 (19.7) | 233 (80.3) | 3.7 (2.4–6.2) | 1.9 (0.9–3.6) |
| Kara | 60 (18.3) | 268 (81.7) | 3.1 (1.9–5.0) | 1.1 (0.5–1.9) |
| Savanes | 155 (35.0) | 288 (65.0) | 7.7 (5.0–12.2) | 1.5 (0.8–2.8) |
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | 738 (37.2) | 1245 (63.8) | Ref | Ref |
| Rural | 103 10.4) | 886 (89.6) | 5.19 (4.0–6.8) | 2.02 (1.3–3.1) |
| Child's gender | ||||
| Male | 428 (28.9) | 1052 (71.1) | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 413 (27.7) | 1079 (72.3) | 0.95 (0.8–1.1) | - |
| Age in months | ||||
| 06–23 | 196 (19.2) | 826 (80.8) | Ref | Ref |
| 24–35 | 177 (28.7) | 439 (71.3) | 1.42 (1.02–1.99) | 1.4 (1.1–1.8) |
| 36–59 | 468 (35.1) | 866 (64.9) | 1.90 (1.37–2.66) | 2.5 (2.0–3.1) |
| Had fever in last two weeks | ||||
| No | 139 (6.2) | 2104 (93.8) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 702 (96.3) | 27 (3.7) | 1.48 (1.17–1.87) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) |
| Mother’s ethnicity | ||||
| Kabye_tem | 221 (24.7) | 674 (75.3) | Ref | Ref |
| Mina | 278 (27.9) | 719 (72.1) | 1.13 (0.91–1.39) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) |
| Para-gourma | 240 (26.8) | 656 (73.2) | 1.26 (1.01–1.57) | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) |
| Stranger | 20 (22.5) | 69 (77.5) | 0.75 (0.44–1.24) | 0.8 (0.8–1.2) |
| Other | 82 (86.3) | 13 (13.7) | 2.85 (2.03–4.01) | 1.2 (0.9–2.4) |
| Mother’s religion | ||||
| Animist | 359 (42.9) | 477 (57.1) | Ref | Ref |
| Christian | 349 (22.3) | 1215 (77.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) |
| Muslim | 130 (22.9) | 437 (77.1) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) |
| Other | 3 (60.0) | 2 (40.0) | 0.4 (0.2–2.67) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) |
| Mother’s educational level | ||||
| No education | 488 (38.5) | 781 (61.5) | Ref | Ref |
| Primary | 261 (26.3) | 732 (73.7) | 0.62 (0.5–0.7) | 0.8 (0.63–0.9) |
| Secondary or higher | 92 (13.0) | 618 (87.0) | 0.27 (0.2–0.3) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) |
| Mother's age in years | ||||
| 15–24 | 174 (23.7) | 560 (76.3) | Ref | Ref |
| 25–34 | 435 (29.7) | 1029 (70.3) | 1.08 (0.8–1.3) | 1.2 (0.8–2.0) |
| 35–49 | 232 (30.0) | 542 (70.0) | 1.33 (1.1–1.7) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) |
| Exposed to malaria messages | ||||
| No | 689 (30.0) | 1604 (70.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 152 (22.4) | 527 (77.6) | 0.6 (0.4–0.7) | 0.67 (0.5–0.8) |
| Recognising mosquitoes as vectors of malaria | ||||
| No | 207 (36.0) | 368 (64.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 622 (25.9) | 1775 (74.1) | 0.55 (0.46–0.68) | 0.9 (0.7–1.8) |
| Household has mosquito bed net | ||||
| No | 25 (14.4) | 149 (85.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 816 (29.2) | 1982 (70.8) | 4.27 (2.49 7.98) | 1.3 (0.9–2.1) |
| Household wealth quintile | ||||
| Poorest | 359 (50.2) | 356 (49.8) | Ref | Ref |
| Poorer | 248 (38.4) | 397 (61.6) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) |
| Middle | 146 (25.1) | 435 (74.9) | 0.4 (0.4–0.6) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) |
| Richer | 72 (13.4) | 466 (86.6) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) |
| Richest | 16 (3.2) | 477 (96.8) | 0.2 (0.1–0.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) |
| Type of toilet facility | ||||
| Improved | 179 (15.4) | 987 (84.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Unimproved | 662 (36.7) | 1144 (63.3) | 2.56 (2.12–3.09) | 2.1 (0.9–3.0) |
| Main roof material | ||||
| Improved | 643 (25.4) | 1891 (74.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Unimproved | 198 (45.2) | 240 (54.8) | 5.80 (3.80–9.12) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) |
| Main wall material | ||||
| Improved | 394 (22.4) | 1364 (77.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Unimproved | 447 (36.8) | 767 (63.2) | 1.74 (1.48–2.05) | 1.2 (0.6–1.9) |
| Main floor material | ||||
| Improved | 614 (24.9) | 1851 (75.1) | Ref | Ref |
| Unimproved | 227 (44.8) | 280 (55.2) | 2.16 (1.78–2.63) | 1.1 (0.9–1.9) |
| Main water source | ||||
| Improved | 429 (23.5) | 1398 (76.5) | Ref | Ref |
| Unimproved | 412 (36.0) | 733 (64.0) | 1.86 (1.58–2.19) | 1.5 (0.7–2.1) |
| Density in the household | ||||
| 1–2 persons | 5 (14.7) | 29 (85.3) | Ref | Ref |
| 3–4 persons | 158 (24.0) | 500 (76.0) | 2.34 (0.80–9.99) | 1.9 (0.8–3.0) |
| 5 + persons | 678 (29.7) | 1602 (70.3) | 3.41 (1.18–14.41) | 2.7 (0.9–5.8) |
| Altitude in metres | ||||
| 0–300 | 718 (33.0) | 1461 (67.0) | Ref | Ref |
| 301–600 | 112 (15.0) | 637 (85.0) | 0.41 (0.3–0.5) | 0.45 (0.3–0.6) |
| 601 and more | 11 (25.0) | 33 (75.0) | 0.37 (0.1–0.8) | 0.23 (0.1–0.5) |
OR Crude OR, aOR Adjusted odds ratio for all other factors considered in the multivariate analysis., Ref reference modality
*Results of the malaria test performed under the microscopy