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. 2022 Mar 5;42(4):771–782. doi: 10.1007/s10875-022-01233-5

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Exaggerated germinal center activity in AID-ΔE4a patients. a Representative histological (HE staining) and immunohistological (CD38, Bcl-2, IgD, Ki-67) analysis of tonsil tissue derived from patient II.3 and a control individual (magnification × 100). b Immunohistological analysis (CD10, Bcl-2 and Ki67) of germinal centers (magnification × 400). c Representative dot plot of PD-1 and CXCR5 surface expression on peripheral blood CD4⁺ CD45RO⁺ T cells (upper part) and frequencies of T_FH (PD-1⁺CXCR5⁺CD45RO⁺CD4⁺) and T_PH (PD-1⁺ CXCR5⁻CD45RO⁺CD4⁺) cells in AID-ΔE4a patients and age-matched healthy controls as assessed by flow cytometry (lower part). d Indirect immunofluorescence staining of HEp-2 cells using FITC-labeled secondary anti-IgM-antibodies with indicated sera derived from both AID-ΔE4a patients, a SLE patient and a healthy control (dilution 1:160)