Table 2.
Studies included in systematic review and meta-analysis of DII and BMD
| First author (year) |
country | Mean age (range) |
gender | Sample size | Study population (health status) | Type of study | Follow up (number of incident case) | Dietary inflammatory index tool |
Unit of comparison | Bone health status (methods of measurement) |
Effect size measure (95%CI) |
Adjusted for* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
T. Orchard (2017)[18] |
USA |
63 (50-79) |
F | 8303 | Postmenopausal women | Cohort | 6 years | 122- item FFQ | Q4 vs. Q1 |
BMD (DXA) Hip |
After multivariable adjustment, women with the least inflammatory dietary pattern (Q1) had a more positive overall change in hip BMD ( p for linear trend < 0.001) |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 |
|
MM.Cervo (2019)[21] |
Australia |
63.0 (7.5) 50-79 |
F/M | 1098 | Non-institutionalized older adults | Cohort | 10 years | 74-item FFQ | 1- unit increase in E-DII |
BMD (DXA) Femoral neck Total Hip lumbar spine (DXA) |
M B= -0.001 (-0.008 to 0.006) F B=-0.002 (-0.009 to 0.005) M B= -0.009 (-0.017 to -0.000) F B=-0.007 (-0.016 to 0.001) M B=-0.013 (-0.024 to -0.002) F B=-0.009 (-0.019 to 0.001) |
1,4,31,32,34,35 |
| Y.Zhou (2019)[25] | china | 31.72 (4.50) | F | 150 | Lactating women | Cohort | 5 months | 48-item FFQ | DII Tertiles |
BD (QUS) |
Mean (SD) BD changes T1: 0.05 (0.3) T2: 0.00 (0.3) T3: -0.1 (0.4) |
3,5,21,26,36,37,38 |
|
N.Shivappa (2016)[26] |
Iran |
60 (8.4) 50-85 |
F | 160 | Postmenopausal women | Cross-sectional | NA |
168- item FFQ |
DII (continuous) DII > −0.06 vs. DII ≤ −0.06 |
BMD(DXA) lumbar spine femoral neck lumbar spine femoral neck |
OR*=1.64 (1.11- 2.43) OR=1.29 (0.86- 1.93) OR*=2.30 (1.05- 5.07) OR=1.22 (0.55- 2.72) |
1,3,4,5,9, 12, 20, 21,23,24,25 |
|
M. Mazidi (2017)[24] |
USA | 47.43 (0.27) | F/M |
18,318 M=9397 F=8921 |
Healthy adults | Cross-sectional | NA | One 24-h diet recall | Q1vs Q4 |
BMD (DXA) |
Standardized mean difference of BMD | 1,2,3,4,5,21,33 |
| W.Na (2019)[27] | Korea |
63.65 (8.44) ≥50 |
F | 2778 | Postmenopausal women | cross-sectional study | NA | 24-h dietary recall |
DII Tertiles T1 ( -5.15 to 0.84) vs. T3 (3.05 to 6.35) |
BMD (DXA) Total femur Femur neck Lumbar spine (L1-L4) |
OR= 1.27 (1.00-1.62) OR*= 1.43 (1.10-1.86) OR= 1.11 (0.87-1.49) |
1,3,4,5,12,27,32,41,42 |
Y: years, F: females, M:males, FFQ: food frequency questionnaire, HR: hazard ratio, OR: odds ratio, Q: quartile, T: tertile, DII: dietary inflammatory index, E-DII:Energy adjusted dietary inflammatory index, BD: Bone density
QUS: Quantitative ultrasonometry
* 1-age, 2-race, 3- BMI, 4-smoking, 5- physical activity, 6-DII (baseline),7-CT(clinical trial assignment), 8-parental history of fracture, 9-personal history of fracture at age 55 years or older, 10-region, 11-diabetes, 12-female hormone use, 13-NSAID use, 14-total calcium intake, 15- corticosteroid use (screening), 16-inflammatory bowel disease,17- rheumatoid arthritis, 18-weight, 19-height, 20- parity, 21- education, 22- fragility fracture history, 23- supplement intake, 24-antiresoptive drug use, 25- age at menarche, 26- total energy intake, 27-yearly income,28-Charlson comorbidityIndex,29-physical activity scale for the elderly, 30-gender, 31-alcohol consumption, 32- calcium supplement, 33-C-reactive protein, 34-percnetage body fat, 35- step per day,36- baseline T-score, 37- feeding modes, 38- time of complementary foods, 39-stage of sexual maturation, 40-muscle cross-sectional area,, 41-postmenopausal period, 42- vitamin D, 43- CES-D, 44-use of medications for Knee OA